Table 2. Means and Standard Deviations for Ambiguity Perceptions – Split by Smoking Status.
| Sex | Modified Risk Condition | Label Condition | Ambiguity Scale - Cigarette Smokers M (SD) | Ambiguity Scale (Not Cigarette Smokers) M (SD) | Significance of Planned Comparisons (non-smokers) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | No Modified Risk | FDA Text at 12-pt | 2.61 (1.23) | 1.71 (.82) | |
| FDA Text at 30% of pack | 2.00 (1.42) | 1.37 (.63) | *M, NMR, Abs, *M, MR, FDA 30% | ||
| Abstract Text | 2.56 (1.19) | 2.38 (1.69) | *M, NMR, FDA 30%, +M, MR, Abs | ||
| Mark Ten Text | 2.46 (1.11) | 1.64 (.95) | *M, MR, MarkT | ||
| Modified Risk | FDA Text at 12-pt | 2.07 (1.12) | 2.01 (1.36) | **M, MR, Abs, **W, MR, FDA 12-pt | |
| FDA Text at 30% of pack | 2.40 (.80) | 2.40 (.92) | *M, MR, Abs, *M, NMR, FDA 30% | ||
| Abstract Text | 2.55 (1.70) | 3.28 (1.46) | **M, MR, FDA 12-pt, *M, MR, FDA 30%, +M, MR, MarkT, +M, NMR, Abs | ||
| Mark Ten Text | 3.44 (1.36) | 2.58 (1.26) | +M, MR, Abs, *M, NMR, MarkT | ||
| Women | No Modified Risk | FDA Text at 12-pt | 1.71 (.84) | 2.13 (1.46) | *W, MR, FDA 12-pt |
| FDA Text at 30% of pack | 1.36 (.63) | 1.83 (1.44) | |||
| Abstract Text | 1.79 (1.08) | 2.08 (1.16) | +W, MR, Abs | ||
| Mark Ten Text | 2.46 (2.02) | 1.43 (.70) | *W, MR, MarkT | ||
| Modified Risk | FDA Text at 12-pt | 2.25 (.54) | 3.32 (2.09) | *W, MR, FDA 30%, **M, MR, FDA 12-pt, *W, NMR, FDA 12-pt | |
| FDA Text at 30% of pack | 2.11 (.84) | 2.25 (1.07) | *W, MR, FDA 12-pt | ||
| Abstract Text | 3.00 (2.22) | 3.05 (1.48) | +W, NMR, Abs | ||
| Mark Ten Text | 2.61 (1.09) | 2.55 (2.06) | *W, NMR, MarkT |
Note.
M = Men; W = Women
NMR = no modified risk; MR = modified risk
FDA-12pt = FDA text 12-point; FDA 30% = FDA text 30% of pack; Abs = Abstract Warning; MarkT = MarkTen Warning
Asterisks denote statistically significant differences: ns = non-significant;
+
p < .10;
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001
In Table 2, we only report significant differences within non-smokers. However, one significant difference (p<.05) was found within smokers: males who viewed the FDA text at 12-point with a modified risk statement differed from males who viewed the MarkTen label with a modified risk statement.
Raw means are reported in Table 2. Significant differences are based on least squares means.