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Table 1. Antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolated organisms from air samples, environmental swabs, in addition to clinical isolates.

Antimicrobial Escherichia spp. Klebsiella spp. Enterobacter spp. Citrobacter spp. Other E* Pseudomonas spp.
Number of isolates 91 90 16 18 11 21
Resistance %
Ceftazidime N 40 36 7 6 7 NT
% 44 40 43.8 33.3 64
Ciprofloxacin N 18 13 1 0 3 0
% 19.8 14.4 6.3 0 27.3 0
Chloramphenicol N 43 37 4 6 5 NT
% 47.3 41.1 25 33.3 45.5
Piperacillin N 91 90 15 18 10 21
% 100 100 93.8 100 91 100
Tetracycline N 61 56 9 9 6 NT
% 67 62.2 56.3 50 54.5
Ampicillin N 91 90 16 18 11 NT
% 100 100 100 100 100
Amoxicillin N 91 90 16 18 11 NT
% 100 100 100 100 100
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole N 84 81 14 13 8 NT
% 92.3 90 87.5 72.2 72.7
Aztreonam N 91 90 16 18 11 21
% 100 100 100 100 100 100
Cefuroxime N 85 89 16 18 11 NT
% 93.4 98.9 100 100 100
Gentamicin N 0 2 0 0 0 0
% 0 2.2 0 0 0 0
Amikacin N 1 2 0 0 0 0
% 1.1 2.2 0 0 0 0
Ceftriaxone N NT NT NT NT NT 10
% 47.6
Imipenem N 7 7 0 4 2 0
% 7.7 7.8 0 22.2 18.1 0
Ertapenem N 1 5 0 1 1 NT
% 1.1 5.6 0 5.6 1.1
Meropenem N 1 1 0 0 0 0
% 1.09 1.1 0 0 0 0
MAR index and MDR %
MAR index 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.2
MDR % 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 47.6%

E* – Enterobacteriaceae, MAR – multiple antibiotic resistance; MDR – multidrug resistant; NT – not tested.