Table 1.

DNA sensors in autoimmune diseases

DNA sensor	Autoimmune diseases	Cell types involved	Potential mechanisms	References
Dnaso 1	SLE and scleroderma	Macrophages and dendritic cells	Mutation ot Dnase I is related to SLE and Scleroderma Dnasc I treatment prevents autmnunuiutv in mice	58, 60, 61
Dnasc II	Rheumatoid arthritis	Macrophages	Dnase II and IFNα double knockout mice develop age-dependent rheumatoid arthritis	49, 50, 51, 55
TREX1	Aicaidi–Goutieres syndromes and SLE	Macrophages	Mutations in TREX1 gene were found in SLE patients. Loss of function mutation of TREX1 causes Aicardi–Goutieres syndromes TREX1 null mice develop inflammatory myocarditis with ssDNA accumulating in the cytoplasm	53, 54
cGAS	Aicanli–Goutieres syndromes, SLE Arthritis and SAVI (STING associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy)		Gain-of-function mutations of the gene encoding STING in hunun patients with early-onset vasculopathy and pulmonary inflammationDeletion of cGAS rescues the Dnase II-deficient mice lacking functional TREX1 or RNaseH2, activation of the cGAS-STING pathway causes the Aicardi–Goutieres syndromes	15, 22, 23
TLR9	SLE	pDC and B cells	TLR9 piomoted the B cells autoreactivity after chromatin engulfment.TLR9 mediated the type-1 IFN production after DNA immune complex uptake by pDC	21, 101
DAI	SLE	Macrophages and dendritic cells	DAI expression is upregulated in some SLE patients and one lupus mouse model.Apoptotic DNA immunization activated macrophages via DAI and DAI inhibition ameliorated SLE syndrome.	24
AIM2	Psoriasis, SLE and inflammatory bowel disease	Keratinocytes, macrophages	AIM2 expression is upregulated in keratinocytes in promote IL-1 release. Cytosolic DNA promote IL-1 release from keratinocytes via AIM2.AMI2 expression is elevated in male SLE patients and inflammatory bowel disease	25