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. 2018 Sep 17;8:13873. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31826-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects on pumpkin pollination: Separation of the effects of adjacent habitat type (crop, SNH), management (organic, conventional), proportion of cropland in 1 km radius and insecticide intensity in the landscape on bumble bee and honey bee visits and the impact of all these variables on pollen delivery. Dotted arrows show hypothesised impacts, bold solid arrows show significant effects (p < 0.05) derived from the structure equation model. Proportion of cropland in 1 km radius decreased bumble bee visits. Pollen delivery only increased with bumble bee visits, but not with honey bee visits. Statistics see Table 1.