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. 2018 Sep 17;8:13928. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32303-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of NNFE treatment on the intracellular cAMP concentration and melanogenesis-related signalling protein expression in melan-a cells. (A) Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of NNFE for the indicated times. Intracellular cAMP levels were measured using a cAMP ELISA kit. Results are representative of three independent experiments. ^#p < 0.05, versus the non-treated controls; **p < 0.01, versus the IBMX-treated controls, Student’s t-test. Western blot analysis showing the changes in p-CREB, CREB, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, p-p38, p38, p-JNK, and JNK expression in melan-a cells treated with (B and D) the indicated concentrations, (C) at the indicated times. Arb, arbutin; NNFE, ethyl acetate fraction of N. nouchali flower extract.