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. 2018 Sep 17;8:13928. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32303-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of NNFE on pigmentation of mouse skin exposed to UVB. (A) HRM-2 melanin-possessing hairless mice were treated with the vehicle or NNFE on a designated site on the dorsal skin, according to the indicated schedules. (B) Representative photos show pigmentation differences in the dorsal skin among the tested animals. (C) The upper panel shows ΔL^* values calculated as the average values after the final UVB exposure minus the average baseline values before treatment. The lower panel shows Δa^* values, which were calculated as the average values after final UVB exposure minus the average baseline values before treatment. Results are presented as the means ± SDs. *p < 0.05, versus the non-treated controls, Student’s t-test. NNFE, ethyl acetate fraction of N. nouchali flower extract; CA, caffeic acid.