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. 2018 Sep 17;8:13877. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31880-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Viability of A459 cells in 3D printed alginate/gelatin constructs with varying Matrigel concentration. (A) Qualitative viability staining of living and dead A549 cells printed in the constructs after one and seven days of cultivation using calcein-AM (live in green) and ethidium homodimer-1 (dead in red). Scale bar: 200 µm. (B) Metabolic activity of A549 cells inside the different 3D printed alginate/gelatin/Matrigel constructs was determined by the XTT assay at the indicated time points. Values were calculated as X-fold induction of lysis control. (C) Cytotoxicity was analysed by the LDH assay. Data are depicted as percentage of the LDH amounts of cells in 3D printed constructs relative to the lysis control. Results are shown as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *p < 0,05 compared to 0% Matrigel.