Table 2.

Overview of clinical and preclinically tested viral vaccines for cancer.

	Poxviridae	Adenoviridae	Retroviridae	Togaviridae	Rhabdoviridae	Paramyxoviridae	AAV	Coronaviridae	Papillomaviridae	Baculoviridae
Genomic material	dsDNA	dsDNA	ssRNA	ssRNA	ssRNA	ssRNA	ssDNA	ssRNA	circular DNA	circular DNA
Insert capacity	>30 kb	< 7.5 kb (though HC-AdV 35 kb)	12 kb	8 kb	6 kb	6 kb	< 4 kb	6 kb	8 kb	>38 kb
Production (titers)	High	High	Moderate	High	High	Low	High	Low	Low to high	High
Efficacy of tg delivery to DCs	Broad tropism	Serotype dependent tropsm, infects dividing and non-dividing cells, transient expression	Psedotype dpendent tropism, infects dividing or/and non-dividing cells, stable integration with long term expression	Broad tropism with strong neuronal preference + high expression level	Broad tropism, highly transient expression	No	Serotype dependent tropsm, infects dividing and non-dividing cells, slow expression onset	DC-specific tropism	Epithelial tropism	Broad tropism
DC stimulatory potential	High	High	Wild type low, but attenuated vector high	Low but cytotoxic	Wild type low, but attenuated vector high	Induction of DC maturation	Moderate	High	High	High
Pre-existing immunity	High	High	Low	Low	Low	High	Moderate	Most likely high	Most likely high	Low (but serum complement inactivation)
Biosafety level	BSL-2	BSL-2	BSL2-3	BSL-1-2	BSL-2	BSL-1	BSL-1	BSL-2	BSL-2	BSL1-2
Clinical phase as vaccine	Phase I-III	Phase I-II	Phase I-II	Phase I-II	FDA-approved	Phase I	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable