Table 1.

Summary of functional and structural changes associated with common sleep disturbances in movement disorders.

Movement disorder	Sleep disturbance	Neuroimaging data
		Functional changes	Structural changes
Parkinson's disease	REM behavior sleep disorder	Presynaptic dopaminergic system Postsynaptic dopaminergic system Cerebral perfusion and glucose metabolism Presynaptic serotonergic system Presynaptic cholinergic system Functional connectivity	Gray matter volume White matter integrity Neuromelanin density
	Excessive daytime sleepiness	Presynaptic dopaminergic system Cerebral perfusion Extrastriatal dopaminergic system Presynaptic serotonergic system Functional connectivity	Gray matter volume White matter integrity
	Restless leg syndrome	Presynaptic dopaminergic system Postsynaptic dopaminergic system Functional connectivity	Gray matter volume White matter integrity Iron concentration
Multiple System Atrophy	REM sleep behavior disorder	Presynaptic dopaminergic system Presynaptic cholinergic system	–
	Excessive daytime sleepiness	–	Gray matter volume
	Obstructive sleep apnea	Presynaptic cholinergic system
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy	REM behavior sleep disorder	–	Gray matter volume White matter integrity
	Excessive daytime sleepiness	–	Gray matter volume
	Restless leg syndrome	–	Gray matter volume
Corticobasal Syndrome*	Excessive daytime sleepiness	–	–
	Periodic limb movement disorder	–	–
Huntington's disease*	Periodic limb movement disorder	–	–
	Circadian dysfunction	–	–

^*No neuroimaging studies in sleep disorders specifically.

REM, rapid eye movement.