Table 2.

Preferred CaP Message Sources Among Black Men.

Preferred message sources	Authors	Methods	N	Key findings
Family	● Meade et al. (2003)	● Focus groups	● 34 Black men, including 4 CaP survivors	● Community members with whom participants could identify were key message sources
	● Song, Cramer, and McRoy (2015)	● Survey	● 90 Black men	● Family members were important health information sources but were consulted about CaP less often than for other health issues.
	● Fyffe et al. (2008)	● Focus groups	● 24 Black men	● Family members viewed as good information sources.
	● Ford et al. (2006)	● Focus group	● 21 Black men	● Younger family members were mentioned as potential influence for screening information.
Pastors/ministers of local churches	● Blocker et al. (2006)	● Focus groups	● 29 15 Black men; 14 Black women	● Participants suggested having local church pastors endorse educational materials, including allowing use of their photos
	● Powell et al. (1995)	● Educational program	● More than 1000 men had participated by June 1994 (90% Black)	● Program delivered by black male physicians & cancer survivors had greater participation when pastor & other church staff were involved in the program.
	● Friedman, Corwin, Rose, & Dominick (2009)	● Focus groups and interviews	● 25 Black men	● Church pastors were perceived as credible and trustworthy source
	● Odedina et al. (2014)	● Intervention & Pre/Post survey	● 142 Black men	● Participants viewed pastors/ministers as credible sources, along with barbers & radio personalities.
Barbers	● Luque et al. (2011)	● Interviews	● 40 Black men	● Barbers were viewed as effective, trusted community sources; barbershops seen as culturally familiar settings for cancer communication.
	● Odedina (2014)	● Intervention & Pre/Post survey	● 142 Black men	● Barbers were viewed as credible sources.
	● Releford (2010)	● Program review	● 12 Black men, 16 White men	● Participants responded positively to models matched in age & ethnicity.
CaP survivors	● Wray et al. (2009)	● Focus groups and discussions	● 79 Black men	● Interventions with survivor-led educational components could be successful.
	● Fyffe et al. (2008)	● Focus groups	● 24 Black men	● Black male cancer survivors were viewed as helpful sources for information.
	● Ford et al. (2006)	● Focus groups	● 21 Black men	● Participants said survivor testimonials could influence screening decisions.
	● Meade et al. (2003)	● Focus groups	● 34 Black men, including 4 CaP survivors	● Participants preferred CaP survivors with whom they could identify, along with doctors & community members.
	● Powell et al. (1995)	● Educational program evaluation	● More than 1,000 men had participated by June 1994 (90% Black)	● Black CaP survivors successfully engaged participants on emotional aspects of cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment and recovery.
Medical providers	● Ross et al. (2011)	● Survey	● 268 Black men	● Physician information was perceived as more reliable than information from peers.
	● Meade et al. (2003)	● Focus groups	● 34 Black men, including 4 CaP survivors	● Physicians were preferred sources of CaP information.
	● Jackson Owens, Friedman, and Hebert (2014)	● Pre-test, educational intervention, Post-test	● 28 Black men	● Participants said including doctors in the education program was important.
	● Sanders Thompson et al. (2009)	● Focus groups	● 43 Black men	● Health providers were viewed as the most important source, even as the only source one would need.
	● Griffith et al. (2007)	● Focus groups	● 66 Black men	● Health providers were viewed as the most trusted source.
	● Song et al. (2015)	● Survey	● 90 Black men	● Participants preferred information from health providers.
	● Steele et al. (2000)	● Survey	● 742 Black men	● Black men advised by their doctors to have PSA test or DRE were 28.5 times as likely to report having been screened.
Women	● Friedman et al. (2012)	● Focus groups & interviews	● 43 Black men, 38 Black women	● Women were perceived as credible and trustworthy sources.
	● Meade et. al. (2003)	● Focus groups	● 34 Black men, including 4 CaP survivors	● Wives/females in men’s lives were mentioned as current and potential sources for health information.
	● Wray et al. (2009)	● Focus groups and discussions	● 79 Black men	● Women in men’s lives could be important sources for CaP information.
Black community members in general	● Pedersen et al. (2012)	● Systematic review	● Variable	● Numerous studies mentioned the value of using respected members of the Black community and celebrities as prostate cancer information sources.

Note. CaP = prostate cancer; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; DRE = digital rectal exam.