Table 3.
Black Men’s Content Preferences in CaP Messaging.
| Preferred message content | Authors | Methods | N | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emphasize early detection | ● Drake et al. (2010) | ● Intervention | ● 73 Black men | ● Decision tree visual was effective in helping men understand benefits & limitations of PSA. |
| ● Griffith et al. (2007) | ● Focus Group | ● 66 Black men | ● Benefits associated with early detection should be stressed, along with the need to screen absent symptoms. | |
| ● Odedina et al. (2008) | ● Mailed Survey | ● 191 Black men | ● Participants believed early detection could save their life. | |
| ● Wray et al. (2011) | ● Pre-test, intervention, post-test | ● 63 Black men | ● Messages should stress need for PSA and DRE screening & the value of early detection. | |
| ● Kripalani et al. (2007) | ● Experiment | ● 250 Black men | ● Simple message—“Ask your doctor about prostate cancer today”—was most effective in prompting conversations about prostate cancer. | |
| ● Miller et al. (2014) | ● Online experiment | ● 231 adult women with an African American male partner 35–69 years old | ● Brochures to show female partners how to overcome male resistance to screening were most effective among “high monitoring” partners of Black men. | |
| Causes and symptoms of CaP | ● Friedman et al. (2012) | ● Focus groups | ● 43 Black men | ● Information about CaP symptoms would motivate screening. |
| ● Price et al. (1993) | ● Experiment | ● 290 Black men | ● Educating men about symptom recognition should be combined with emphasis that screening is effective. | |
| ● Lepore et al. (2012) | ● Survey | ● 490 Black men | ● Inclusion of race-related risk information is important. | |
| CaP treatments | ● Myers et al. (1999) | ● Phone survey | ● 413 Black men | ● Educational information should include information about early detection, follow-ups for abnormal screening results and treatment options for those diagnosed with CaP. |
| ● Drake et al. (2010) | ● Educational intervention | ● 73 Black men | ● Intervention included discussion of how early detection could enable less aggressive forms of treatment. | |
| ● Marks et al. (2004) | ● Focus Groups | ● 24 Black men, 25 Black women | ● Participants wanted to know “everything the doctor knows,” including prostate anatomy, ethnic differences in risk, treatment options & outcomes/side effects of CaP treatment. Also wanted information about treatments available to “real people,” not just in clinical trials. | |
| ● Jackson et al. (2015) | ● Presentation | ● 60 Black men & women | ● Participants wanted information about risks & benefits of treatment vs. watchful waiting, details about CaP treatment. | |
| ● Fraser et al. (2009) | ● Questionnaire/Surveys and focus groups | ● 125 men Black men | ● Participants wanted information about side effects of treatment, including concerns about “loss of manhood” and sexual performance after surgery. | |
| Screening process | ● Marks et al. (2004) | ● Focus Group | ● 24 Black men, 25 Black women | ● Participants wanted explanation of why DRE is used for CaP screening |
| ● Myers et al. (1999) | ● Phone survey | ● 413 Black men | ● Men wanted information about procedures used for early detection. | |
| ● Jackson et al. (2015) | ● Presentation | ● 60 Black men & women | ● Screening information was important, including information about the exam process. | |
| ● Allen et al. (2007) | ● Focus groups and key informant interviews | ● 108 Black men | ● Men would not object to DRE if information provided detailed & thorough rationale for its use. | |
| Overall health context | ● Allen et al. (2007) | ● Focus groups and key informant interviews | ● 108 Black men | ● Participants wanted holistic health information, including information about physical activity, stress relief and sexual health. |
| ● Fraser et al. (2009) | ● Questionnaire/Surveys and focus groups | ● 125 Black men | ● Men wanted information connecting CaP with broader health issues. | |
| ● Holt et al. (2009) | ● Focus groups and cognitive response interviews used to test print material | ● 36 Black men | ● Man wanted information about the role of family history, race and diet in CaP. | |
| ● Wang et al. (2013) | ● Interviewer-administered survey | ● 95 Black men, 9 White men | ● Information must be very simple and provide extensive explanation to be understood by low-income, low-education men. | |
| Spiritual context | ● Blocker et al. (2006) | ● Focus groups and questionnaire | ● 14 Black men 15 Black women |
● Participants agreed church could play influential role; preferred endorsement of educational/promotional material by pastor of local church. |
| ● Holt et al. (2009) | ● Focus groups and cognitive response interviews used to test print material | ● 36 Black men | ● Participants wanted spiritually based information to appear early and clearly in CaP education booklet. | |
| Positive framing for survival if diagnosed | ● Bryan et al. (2008) | ● Focus groups | ● 12 Black men, 15 white men | ● Participants responded positively to empower text. |
| ● Marks et al. (2004) | ● Focus groups | ● 24 Black men & women | ● Participants wanted positive messages expressing hope for Black CaP patients | |
| ● Underwood (1992) | ● Survey | ● 236 Black men | ● Communications should emphasize survival benefits of early detection. | |
| Cultural tailoring | ● Frencher et al. (2016) | ● Experiment | ● 120 Black men | ● A culturally tailored decision support instrument was significantly better than a non-tailored instrument in increasing intentions to screen for CaP and increasing decisional certainty. |
| ● Odedina et al. (2014) | ● Pre- and post-test survey | ● 142 Black men | ● A culturally tailored video improved knowledge and intentions to screen for CaP. |
Note. CaP = prostate cancer; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; DRE = digital rectal exam.