Table 1.

Characteristics of the human study population (n = 41)

Parameter	Mean ± S.D.	Range	Reference Valuesa
Age	36.5 ± 12.5	23–61	n/a
Gender	n/a	19 female, 22 male	n/a
Body-Mass Index (kg/m2)	26.5 ± 5.5	19.1–45.1	< 25 normal weight, 25–30 overweight, > 30 obese
Plasma T2 (ms)	771.5 ± 58.3	631–887	≥ 745.0b
Serum T2 (ms)	817.4 ± 5.2	706–908	≥ 811.8b
Glucose (mg/dL)	90.6 ± 7.7	71–109	< 100 non-diabetic
			100–125 (pre-diabetic)
HbA1c (%)	5.5 ± 0.3	4.7–6.1	< 5.7 (non-diabetic)
			5.7–6.4 (pre-diabetic)
Insulin C-peptide (ng/mL)	1.8 ± 0.8	0.7–5.1	0.8–3.9 (> 2.85, IRc)
Insulin (μU/mL)	8.7 ± 6.6	2.2–40.1	2.0–19.6 (> 12.2, IRc)
Total serum protein (g/dL)	7.2 ± 0.4	6.3–8.0	6.1–8.1
Serum albumin (g/dL)	4.5 ± 0.3	3.6–5.1	3.6–5.1
Serum globulins (g/dL)	2.7 ± 0.3	1.9–3.3	1.9–3.7
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	123 ± 63.1	50–321	< 150
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	185.0 ± 45.0	97–291	< 200
HDL-C (mg/dL)	51.7 ± 12.7	31–78	≥ 40 (male); ≥ 50 (female)
LDL-C (mg/dL)	110.1 ± 35.9	50–191	< 130
WBC count (× 103/μL)	6.6 ± 1.7	3.9–11.2	3.8–10.8
Neutrophil count (× 103/μL)	3.6 ± 1.2	1.8–7.2	1.5–7.8
hs-CRP (mg/L)	2.6 ± 2.7	0.1–9.6	< 3.0 (low/average CV risk)
			3.0–10.0 (high CV risk)
			> 10.0 (infection/illness)
Sodium (mmoles/L)	138.2 ± 2.6	131–143	135–146
Potassium (mmoles/L)	4.1 ± 0.3	3.7–4.8	3.5–5.3
Total CO2, (mmoles/L)	24.2 ± 2.3	18–28	19–30

^aReference values from Quest Diagnostics and Atherotech, except where noted

^bCutoff for normoglycemic population established in previous study [8]

^cInsulin cutoff from McAuley et al. [67]; insulin C-peptide cutoff established by linear regression with insulin