Table 3.

Research needs in PTS

Mechanistic studies to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of PTS and to suggest future therapeutic targets.

Development and validation of risk prediction indices to predict risk of PTS.

Studies of risk factor or lifestyle modification (eg, weight reduction, exercise) to prevent and treat PTS.

Studies of the relative effects and cost-effectiveness of extended LMWH and direct, target-specific oral anticoagulants on the risk of PTS

Studies of the effectiveness of ECS to prevent PTS in high-risk subgroups.

Studies of the effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed lysis to treat DVT as a means to prevent PTS.

Studies of the effectiveness of ECS and other compression modalities to treat PTS.

Studies of the effectiveness and safety of venoactive drugs to treat PTS.

Rigorous evaluation of the safety and long-term effectiveness of endovascular and surgical procedures to treat severe PTS.