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. 2018 Sep 11;9:1259. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01259

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Copyright © 2018 Ahmad Bakir, Al Abed, Stevens, Lovell and Dokos.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Schematic summarizing the physics modeled, as well as the interphysics couplings. (B) Fiber direction streamlines for the standard model geometry of Figures 2A,B. It should be noted that the fibers are not implemented as geometrical structures but a numerical representation of the anisotropic direction of material properties. (C) The Windkessel circulation coupled with the normal mesh of the standard biventricular model, and (D) Windkessel modification for the LVAD model as well as the cannula structure implanted in the dilated heart geometry.