Table. Patient Demographics and Multivariable Logistic Regression for Persistent Opioid Use.
| Opioid Prescription, No. (%) | P Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filled (n = 56 686) | Not Filled (n = 14 256) | |||
| Primary outcome: persistent opioid use | 737 (1.3) | 71 (0.5) | 2.69 (2.10-3.44) | |
| Age group, y | ||||
| 13-15 | 5684 (10.0) | 1213 (8.5) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| 16-18 | 25 778 (45.5) | 5619 (39.4) | 1.39 (1.01-1.91) | |
| 19-24 | 20 539 (36.2) | 5597 (39.3) | 2.13 (1.55-2.92) | |
| 25-30 | 4685 (8.3) | 1827 (12.8) | 2.85 (1.87-4.34) | |
| Male sex | 26 125 (46.1) | 6951 (48.8) | <.001 | 0.65 (0.56-0.76) |
| Insurance policy holdera | 4946 (8.7) | 1920 (13.5) | <.001 | 1.29 (0.96-1.73) |
| Median income, $b | ||||
| <40 000 | 134 (0.2) | 46 (0.3) | <.001 | 1.05 (0.26-4.27) |
| 40 000-69 999 | 25 208 (44.5) | 6294 (44.2) | 1 [Reference] | |
| ≥70 000 | 26 905 (47.5) | 6660 (46.7) | 0.91 (0.79-1.06) | |
| Unknown | 4439 (7.8) | 1256 (8.8) | 1.14 (0.89-1.46) | |
| Type of chronic conditionc | ||||
| Neurological or neuromuscular | 112 (0.2) | 35 (0.3) | .26 | 1.90 (0.68-5.25) |
| Cardiovascular | 330 (0.6) | 71 (0.5) | .23 | 0.84 (0.31-2.28) |
| Respiratory | 26 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | .87 | 2.33 (0.31-17.71) |
| Renal and urological | 31 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | .49 | 2.05 (0.27-15.44) |
| Gastrointestinal | 92 (0.2) | 19 (0.1) | .43 | 2.09 (0.66-6.68) |
| Hematologic or immunologic | 117 (0.2) | 29 (0.2) | .94 | 1.09 (0.27-4.43) |
| Metabolic | 635 (1.1) | 174 (1.2) | .31 | 0.54 (0.24-1.22) |
| Other congenital or genetic defect | 269 (0.5) | 60 (0.4) | .40 | 1.14 (0.52-2.50) |
| Malignancy | 625 (1.1) | 135 (1.0) | .11 | 1.06 (0.56-1.99) |
| Diagnoses | ||||
| Chronic pain | 2489 (4.4) | 493 (3.5) | <.001 | 2.26 (1.78-2.88) |
| Depression | 599 (1.1) | 107 (0.8) | .001 | 1.87 (1.16-3.01) |
| Anxiety | 1055 (1.9) | 197 (1.4) | <.001 | 2.00 (1.40-2.86) |
| Substance use disorder | 271 (0.5) | 81 (0.6) | .17 | 3.86 (2.27-6.57) |
| Other mental health diagnosis | 440 (0.8) | 92 (0.6) | .11 | 1.60 (0.88-2.89) |
| Preoperative prescription by medication class | ||||
| Benzodiazepines | 1831 (3.2) | 159 (1.1) | <.001 | 1.35 (0.98-1.86) |
| Stimulants | 1748 (3.1) | 253 (1.8) | <.001 | 2.02 (1.50-2.72) |
| Sedative or hypnotics | 341 (0.6) | 30 (0.2) | <.001 | 2.92 (1.80-4.73) |
| Antidepressants | 2416 (4.3) | 353 (2.5) | <.001 | 1.28 (0.97-1.69) |
| Third molar impaction status | ||||
| None | 1946 (3.4) | 1806 (12.7) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| Soft tissue | 2702 (4.8) | 1125 (7.9) | 0.64 (0.42-0.96) | |
| Partial bony | 12 055 (21.3) | 3094 (21.7) | 0.73 (0.53-0.99) | |
| Complete bony | 39 983 (70.5) | 8231 (57.7) | 0.83 (0.62-1.12) | |
a
Indicates that the patient was the employee with the primary plan coverage.
b
Estimated as the median income within the patient’s Metropolitan Statistical Area.
c
Defined using version 2 of the pediatric Complex Chronic Conditions classification system.