Table 1. Maternal and Infant Characteristics of the Hypospadias and Control Groups.
| Variable | Hypospadias | Control | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | (n = 89) | (n = 54) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 32.0 (29.0-36.0) | 33.0 (30.0-34.0) | .45 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | |||
| White | 69 (77.5) | 42 (77.8) | .90 |
| Other | 20 (22.5) | 12 (22.2) | |
| Income, No. (%) | |||
| ≤$39 999 | 7 (7.9) | 3 (5.6) | .72 |
| $40 000-$79 999 | 24 (27.0) | 13 (24.1) | |
| ≥$80 000 | 51 (57.3) | 33 (61.1) | |
| No response | 7 (7.9) | 5 (9.3) | NA |
| Education, No. (%) | |||
| Secondary | 9 (10.1) | 6 (11.1) | .83 |
| University/college | 62 (69.7) | 36 (66.7) | |
| Postgraduate | 18 (20.2) | 12 (22.2) | |
| BMI | |||
| Median (IQR) | 23.3 (20.4-29.1) | 23.9 (21.5-28.2) | .91 |
| No response, No. (%) | 11 (12.4) | 6 (11.1) | NA |
| Smoking, No. (%) | |||
| Yes | 7 (7.9) | 4 (7.4) | .84 |
| During pregnancy | 4 (4.5) | 1 (1.9) | .72 |
| Drinking during pregnancy, No. (%) | 0 | 4 (7.4) | .42 |
| Gestational diabetes, No. (%) | |||
| Yes | 7 (7.9) | 3 (5.6) | .63 |
| No response | 2 (2.2) | 0 | NA |
| Infant Characteristics | (n = 40) | (n = 54) | |
| Age, median (IQR), mo | 8.0 (5.0-12.0) | 10.5 (7.5-12.0) | .25 |
| Gestation length, No. (%) | .43 | ||
| Full term, ≥37 wk | 33 (82.5) | 51 (94.4) | |
| Premature, <37 wk | 6 (15.0) | 3 (5.6) | |
| No response | 1 (2.5) | 0 | NA |
| Birth weight, No. (%) | |||
| <2500 g | 9 (22.5) | 5 (9.3) | .05 |
| ≥2500 g | 25 (62.5) | 48 (88.9) | |
| No response | 6 (15.0) | 1 (1.9) | NA |
| Breastfed, No. (%) | 35 (87.5) | 53 (98.1) | .21 |
| Duration of breastfeeding, No./total No. (%) | |||
| <3 mo | 5/35 (14.3) | 0/54 | <.05 |
| 3-6 mo | 14/35 (40.0) | 3/54 (5.6) | |
| >6 mo | 16/35 (45.7) | 51/54 (94.4) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable.