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. 2018 Jun 20;75(8):844–852. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1415

Table 2. Performance of Study Groups on Neurocognitive Functions and Domains.

Test Variable Study Group, Mean (SD) z Scorea Pairwise Comparisons Between Groupsb
Control (n = 199) FHR-SZ (n = 197) FHR-BP (n = 118) Control vs FHR-SZ Control vs FHR-BP FHR-SZ vs FHR-BP
P Value Effect Size, Cohen d P Value Effect Size, Cohen d P Value Effect Size, Cohen d
SOC PSIMM 0.00 (1.00) −0.16 (1.01) 0.06 (1.16) .34 0.15 .87 0.06 .20 0.19
SRM percentage correct 0.00 (1.00) −0.40 (1.13) −0.12 (0.92) <.001c 0.35 .63 0.13 .06 0.25
SSP span length 0.00 (1.00) −0.35 (1.17) 0.15 (1.19) .008c 0.32 .50 0.14 <.001c 0.43
SWM total errors 0.00 (1.00) −0.29 (1.03) −0.14 (1.12) .02c 0.29 .52 0.13 .44 0.14
RVP A′ 0.00 (1.00) −0.41 (1.24) −0.16 (1.14) .002c 0.36 .47 0.15 .17 0.21
Guess What 0.00 (1.00) −0.33 (1.25) −0.16 (1.05) .01c 0.29 .47 0.16 .41 0.15
Coding 0.00 (1.00) −0.43 (1.06) −0.11 (0.97) <.001c 0.42 .65 0.11 .03c 0.32
Symbol Search 0.00 (1.00) −0.38 (1.02) 0.01 (0.93) <.001c 0.38 >.99 0.01 .003c 0.40
Arithmetic 0.00 (1.00) −0.38 (1.19) 0.06 (1.15) .003c 0.35 .91 0.06 .004c 0.38
MFS immediate recall 0.00 (1.00) −0.07 (1.07) 0.07 (1.06) .79 0.07 .84 0.07 .50 0.13
MFS delayed recall 0.00 (1.00) −0.08 (1.10) 0.17 (1.11) .76 0.08 .39 0.16 .13 0.23
Verbal Fluency phonemic 0.00 (1.00) −0.20 (1.08) −0.01 (1.03) .17 0.19 >.99 0.01 .29 0.18
Verbal Fluency semantic 0.00 (1.00) −0.29 (0.96) −0.13 (1.00) .02c 0.30 .53 0.13 .38 0.16
Verbal Fluency switching 0.00 (1.00) −0.17 (1.02) 0.12 (0.88) .22 0.17 .57 0.13 .04c 0.30
RCFT immediate recall 0.00 (1.00) −0.37 (0.87) −0.05 (1.00) <.001c 0.40 .90 0.05 .02c 0.34
IED EDS errors 0.00 (1.00) 0.15 (1.00) 0.07 (1.04) .36 0.15 .83 0.07 .82 0.08
Odd-Item Out 0.00 (1.00) −0.12 (1.06) 0.08 (1.13) .53 0.12 .80 0.08 .26 0.18
Letter-Number Sequencing 0.00 (1.00) −0.33 (0.98) 0.13 (1.21) .008c 0.33 .56 0.12 <.001c 0.42
WSR Immediate Recall 0.00 (1.00) −0.06 (1.03) 0.10 (1.07) .84 0.06 .70 0.10 .39 0.15
WSR Delayed Recall 0.00 (1.00) −0.03 (1.03) 0.10 (0.98) .96 0.03 .70 0.10 .56 0.13
TMT Number Sequencing 0.00 (1.00) −0.35 (1.17) −0.13 (1.11) .006c 0.32 .58 0.12 .22 0.20
TMT Letter Sequencing 0.00 (1.00) −0.29 (1.06) −0.07 (1.04) .02c 0.28 .83 0.07 .20 0.21
TMT Number-Letter Switching 0.00 (1.00) −0.41 (0.95) −0.13 (0.95) <.001c 0.42 .52 0.13 .05c 0.30
Domain
Processing speed and working memoryd 0.00 (1.00) −0.52 (1.07) −0.09 (1.07) <.001c 0.50 .78 0.09 .002c 0.40
Verbal functionse 0.00 (1.00) −0.26 (1.18) 0.03 (1.09) .06 0.24 .97 0.03 .07 0.26
Executive and visuospatial functionsf 0.00 (1.00) −0.29 (1.08) 0.10 (1.15) .03c 0.28 .72 0.09 .008c 0.35
Declarative memory and attentiong 0.00 (1.00) −0.31 (1.15) 0.03 (1.08) .02c 0.29 .98 0.03 .03c 0.31
Composite Score
Intelligence 0.00 (1.00) −0.29 (1.20) −0.05 (1.10) .009c 0.26 .69 0.05 .07 0.21

Abbreviations: EDS, extradimensional stage; FHR-BP, familial high risk of bipolar disorder; FHR-SZ, familial high risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders; IED, Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift; MFS, Memory for Stories; PSIMM, Problems Solved in Minimum Moves; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial; RVP, Rapid Visual Information Processing; SOC, Stockings of Cambridge; SRM, Spatial Recognition Memory; SSP, Spatial Span; SWM, Spatial Working Memory; TMT, Trail-Making Test; WSR, Word Selective Reminding.

a

Calculated after imputation of missing data. Negative values denote poorer performance.

b

A significant effect of sex was found on SRM percentage correct, Coding, Symbol Search, Verbal Fluency Switching, RCFT Immediate Recall, processing speed and working memory, executive and visuospatial functions, and declarative memory and attention. Being female was associated with better neurocognitive performance compared with being male. Owing to the risk of overcorrecting the neurocognitive data, we did not covary for socioeconomic status, which is intrinsically associated with group status. The presented values are unadjusted for sex, age, and intelligence.

c

Indicates significance after post hoc correction for multiple comparisons with Scheffé method (P < .05).

d

Includes TMT Number Sequencing, TMT Letter Sequencing, TMT Letter-Number Switching, Symbol Search, Coding, Arithmetic, Letter-Number Sequencing, and SWM total errors.

e

Includes MFS immediate recall, MFS delayed recall, Guess What, Verbal Fluency phonemic, Verbal Fluency semantic, and Verbal Fluency switching.

f

Includes SOC PSIMM, SSP span length, Odd-Item Out, IED EDS errors, and SRM percentage correct.

g

Includes RCFT Recall, WSR Immediate Recall, WSR Delayed Recall, and RVP A′.