Table 2. Odds Ratios for Educational Attainment Among Individuals With Tourette Syndrome/Chronic Tic Disorders Compared With Unaffected Individuals From the General Population and Full Siblings of Affected Individuals.
| Educational Attainment Level | Individuals, No. (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With TS/CTD | Without TS/CTD | Unadjusted Model | Adjusteda,b | Full Sibling Comparisona,b | |
| Compulsory education, No. | 2019 | 1 232 023 | |||
| Eligible for vocational program | 1512 (74.9) | 1 124 909 (91.3) | 0.28 (0.26-0.31) | 0.31 (0.28-0.34) | 0.40 (0.31-0.51) |
| Eligible for academic program | 1136 (56.3) | 948 735 (77.0) | 0.38 (0.35-0.42) | 0.43 (0.39-0.47) | 0.47 (0.38-0.58) |
| Postcompulsory education, No. | 3590 | 2 111 964 | |||
| Finishing upper secondary school | 1181 (32.9) | 1 402 807 (66.4) | 0.25 (0.23-0.27) | 0.35 (0.32-0.37) | 0.46 (0.40-0.53) |
| Starting a university degree | 336 (9.4) | 608 648 (28.8) | 0.26 (0.23-0.29) | 0.41 (0.37-0.46) | 0.45 (0.37-0.56) |
| Finishing a university degree | 112 (3.1) | 294 474 (13.9) | 0.20 (0.17-0.24) | 0.39 (0.32-0.48) | 0.64 (0.46-0.90) |
Abbreviation: TS/CTD, Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorders.
a
Adjusted by sex, year of birth, maternal age, paternal age, and parity.
b
All findings in these columns are statistically significant.