Table 5. Proximate determinants of fertility by wealth quintile, over time.

	Latest Poorest–Earliest Poorest						Latest Richest–Earliest Richest						Latest (Poorest–Richest)–Earliest (Poorest–Richest)
	TFR	R	M	C	A	I	TFR	R	M	C	A	I	TFR	R	M	C	A	I
Burkina Faso	-0.3	0.4	0.6	0.3	0.0	-1.1	-1.2	0.4	0.6	1.6	0.2	-1.6	0.9	0.0	0.1	-1.3	-0.2	0.5
Cote d'Ivoire	-0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	-0.1	-0.4	-1.0	0.5	0.5	0.2	0.0	-0.3	0.8	-0.4	-0.4	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	-0.1	0.9	-0.6	0.6	0.1	-0.8	-0.6	-0.3	-0.4	2.2	0.4	-1.3	0.5	1.1	-0.2	-1.6	-0.3	0.5
Ghana	-0.2	-0.5	0.6	0.1	-0.2	0.2	-0.9	-0.4	1.3	0.5	0.1	-0.5	0.7	-0.1	-0.7	-0.4	-0.2	0.6
Mali	-0.4	0.2	0.1	0.1	-0.2	0.1	-0.7	0.3	0.4	0.2	-0.1	0.0	0.3	-0.1	-0.3	-0.1	0.0	0.2
Senegal	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.6	-0.1	-0.6	-0.7	0.1	0.4	0.3	-0.1	-0.1	0.6	-0.1	-0.3	0.3	0.0	-0.5
Group Average	-0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	-0.1	-0.4	-0.8	0.1	0.5	0.8	0.1	-0.6	0.6	0.1	-0.3	-0.5	-0.1	0.2
Kenya	0.02	-1.0	0.9	0.2	0.0	-0.1	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.4	-0.9	0.7	0.0	0.0	-0.2
Malawi	0.03	-1.8	-0.6	1.5	-0.2	1.0	-1.7	-0.8	0.1	2.0	0.2	0.3	1.8	-1.0	-0.7	-0.5	-0.3	0.7
Group average	0.0	-1.4	0.2	0.9	-0.1	0.5	-1.1	-0.5	0.2	1.1	0.1	0.2	1.1	-0.9	0.0	-0.2	-0.2	0.3
Cameroon	1.43	-1.5	0.6	0.0	0.0	-0.6	-1.3	-0.2	0.8	0.9	0.5	-0.7	2.8	-1.2	-0.2	-0.9	-0.5	0.1
Guinea	0.45	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.1	-0.8	-0.6	0.0	0.6	0.3	0.2	-0.4	1.1	0.1	-0.4	-0.2	-0.1	-0.4
Mozambique	1.5	-2.2	0.3	0.1	-0.3	0.6	-1.0	-0.4	0.0	0.9	0.1	0.5	2.5	-1.9	0.3	-0.8	-0.4	0.2
Nigeria	0.73	0.1	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	-0.6	-1.2	0.0	1.0	1.8	0.2	-1.8	1.9	0.1	-1.1	-1.8	-0.4	1.2
Uganda	1.09	-2.6	0.8	0.5	-0.2	0.4	-0.8	-0.9	0.6	1.2	0.1	-0.3	1.9	-1.7	0.2	-0.8	-0.3	0.7
Zambia	0.71	-1.9	0.1	1.2	-0.1	0.0	-1.3	-0.3	0.2	1.4	0.3	-0.2	2.0	-1.6	-0.1	-0.1	-0.4	0.1
Group average	1.0	-1.3	0.3	0.3	-0.1	-0.2	-1.0	-0.3	0.5	1.1	0.2	-0.5	2.0	-1.0	-0.2	-0.8	-0.3	0.3
Namibia	-1.3	-0.6	-0.6	2.3	0.0	0.2	-1.3	0.2	-0.2	0.9	0.1	0.2	0.0	-0.8	-0.4	1.3	-0.1	0.0
Group average	-1.3	-0.6	-0.6	2.3	0.0	0.2	-1.3	0.2	-0.2	0.9	0.1	0.2	0.0	-0.8	-0.4	1.3	-0.1	0.0
Madagascar	-1.7	0.7	0.1	0.9	0.1	-0.2	-0.8	0.6	-0.7	0.8	0.3	-0.2	-0.9	0.1	0.8	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Niger	-0.4	0.8	-0.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	0.8	-0.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.5	-0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3
Rwanda	-1.9	0.1	0.3	1.0	0.0	0.5	-1.3	-0.4	0.2	1.9	0.2	-0.7	-0.7	0.5	0.1	-1.0	-0.2	1.2
Zimbabwe	-1.4	0.4	-0.2	0.7	0.1	0.5	-0.6	0.1	0.6	-0.2	0.1	0.0	-0.9	0.3	-0.8	0.9	0.0	0.5
Group average	-1.4	0.5	0.0	0.7	0.0	0.2	-0.7	0.3	0.0	0.7	0.1	-0.3	-0.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.5
Benin	-1.1	0.3	0.5	0.1	-0.1	0.3	0.0	-0.2	0.8	0.0	-0.2	-0.4	-1.1	0.5	-0.3	0.0	0.1	0.7
Group average	-1.1	0.3	0.5	0.1	-0.1	0.3	0.0	-0.2	0.8	0.0	-0.2	-0.4	-1.1	0.5	-0.3	0.0	0.1	0.7
Tanzania	-0.5	0.1	0.3	0.7	0.1	-0.6	0.1	-1.4	0.9	1.5	0.1	-1.2	-0.6	1.4	-0.6	-0.7	-0.1	0.6
Group average	-0.5	0.1	0.3	0.7	0.1	-0.6	0.1	-1.4	0.9	1.5	0.1	-1.2	-0.6	1.4	-0.6	-0.7	-0.1	0.6
Total average	-0.2	-0.4	0.2	0.5	-0.1	-0.1	-0.8	-0.1	0.4	0.9	0.1	-0.4	0.7	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3	-0.2	0.3

Note: TFR = total fertility rate, R = residual, M = Cm marriage and exposure index, C = Cc contraceptive use index, A = Ca abortion index, I = Ci postpartum infecundability index