Fig 1. A schematic summary of the genotype and phenotype data of ethnic Tibetans in this study.

(A) We array genotyped all individuals in several Illumina platforms and generated whole genome sequences for a representative subset without recent admixture. Then, all individuals went through genotype imputation using our high altitude sequence data (“high altitude panel”) and world-wide data (“1KG phase 3 panel”) as reference haplotype panels. (B) Three physiological phenotypes were directly measured in the field, and two additional ones (oxyHb and deoxyHb) were constructed from them. (C) Fertility phenotypes capture both fertility and viability selection components. For details, please see Materials & Methods.