Table 2.

Summary of animal studies of transgenerational effects of dioxin

Study	Species	TCDD dose	Exposure window	Effects in F1	Effects in F2	Effects in F3
Manikkam et al., 2012 [79]	Rat	100 ng/kg BW/d	G8-G14		Early puberty onset	Increased ano-genital distance, decreased testosterone, 50 differentially methylated regions in sperm DNA
Nilsson et al., 2012 [80]	Rat	100 ng/kg BW/d	G8-G14	Reduction of primordial follicles		Reduction of primordial follicles, increased ovarian cyst
Manikkam et al., 2012 [81]	Rat	100 ng/kg BW/d	G8-G14	Early puberty onset, atrophic prostatic duct epithelium		Increased serum testosterone, kidney cysts in males, reduction of primordial follicles, increased ovarian cyst
Bruner-Tran et al., 2014 [83]	Mouse	10 μg/kg/BW	G15.5	Reduced male fertility, increased AhR expression in spermatocytes, increased apoptosis and inflammatory markers in testis	Reduced male fertility, decreased sperm count, increased AhR expression in spermatocytes, increased apoptosis and inflammatory markers in testis	Reduced male fertility, increased AhR expression in spermatocytes, increased apoptosis and inflammatory markers in testis
Sanabria et al., 2016 [84]	Rat	0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μg/kg/BW	G15	Decreased testosterone (1.0 group), reduced implants per corpus luteum, increased abnormal spermatozoa (0.5, 1 groups)	Reduced implants per corpus luteum (0.1 group)	Reduced implants per corpus luteum (all groups)
Olsvik et al., 2014 [85]	Zebrafish	20 μg/kg diet	47 days adult exposure	No effect on global DNA methylation in liver, increase in Cyp1A1 expression	No effect on global DNA methylation in liver	Not analyzed
Baker et al., 2014 [87]	Zebrafish	50 pg/ml in water	Juveniles exposed on 4th and 7th week post-fertilization, for 1 h each time	Increased spinal kinks, increased ratio of females to males, ovarian disorganization, male and female dependent decrease in egg release	Increased spinal kinks, increased ratio of females to males, male dependent decrease in egg release	Not analyzed