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. 2018 Sep 28;286:10–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.022

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© 2018 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fig. 8 — Application of the prodrug approach to RA (retinoic acid). (a) Chemical structures of RA and its prodrugs. (b) Association with human chylomicrons and artificial emulsion (mean ± SD, n = 6). (c) Half-life of active drug release in rat plasma and fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) with esterase (mean ± SD, n = 3). (d) In vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles in plasma and intestinal lymphatics following oral administration of RA (10 mg/kg) or prodrug 27 (at equivalent to 10 mg/kg RA) in rats (mean ± SD, n = 5 for plasma and n = 4 for mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and lymph). (e) Maximum concentration of RA observed in MLN (ng/g) during biodistribution studies following oral administration of RA and prodrug 27 (mean ± SD, n = 4). *, p < .05.