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. 2018 Sep 18;8:13995. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32275-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hierarchical clustering and network visualisation. The cytokine and PAI-1 values were transformed to common logarithm values to normalise the distribution of the data. (A) Hierarchical clustering of Pearson’s correlations between cytokines and PAI-1. The outlined boxes show the common cytokine network in the acute phase of sepsis (days 1–4). (B) This network visualises the significant correlations of (A). The cytokines and PAI-1 with log2 fold change (i.e. average cytokine levels in sepsis patients/average cytokine levels in controls) > 1.5 were included. The size of each node was determined based on the log2 fold change. Red, yellow, and grey colours indicate a significant increase in the cytokines and PAI-1 levels between septic patients and controls, between critically ill patients and controls, and no difference between septic or critically ill patients and controls, respectively. Increased cytokines compared to those of the controls and the connections are shown to represent networks with major impact. IFN-α: interferon-α; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-12/IL-23p40: interleukin-12/23p40; IL-17A: interleukin-17A; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; IL-4: interleukin-4; IL-10: interleukin-10; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.