. 2018 Sep 18;8:13976. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32419-w

Table 1.

Metabolic parameters and abdominal fat distribution of the non-diabetic obese, obese type 2 diabetic, and normal weight control groups.

	Normal weight	Obesity	Obesity with diabetes
n	32	32	13
Age (yr)^a	42.8 ± 6.2	32.8 ± 8.8^*	45.3 ± 8.1^†
BMI (kg/m²)^a	22.5 ± 1.6	38.6 ± 5.2^*	35.6 ± 6.5^*
Systolic BP (mmHg)^a	113 ± 15	137 ± 16^*	135 ± 13^*
Diastolic BP (mmHg)^b	70 ± 2	83 ± 2^*	84 ± 3^*
Glucose (mM)^b	5.6 ± 0.2	5.3 ± 0.1	11.9 ± 0.7^*,†
Insulin (pM)^b	26.4 ± 3.1	134.9 ± 12.2^*	132.4 ± 25.9^*
HOMA-IR^b	1.1 ± 0.1	5.3 ± 0.5^*	12.3 ± 2.7^*,†
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^a	160 ± 36	182 ± 33	185 ± 52
HDL-cholesterol (mM)^a	12.0 ± 2.6	12.3 ± 2.9	10.0 ± 2.2^*,†
LDL-cholesterol (mM)^a	2.6 ± 0.7	3.0 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 1.0
Triglyceride (mg/dL)^b	73 ± 5	146 ± 21^*	278 ± 69^*,†
hs-CRP (mg/dL)^b	0.08 ± 0.02	0.54 ± 0.09^*	0.54 ± 0.12^*
Leptin (ng/mL)^b	5.7 ± 0.6	41.7 ± 3.0^*	22.2 ± 3.0^*,†
Adiponectin (μg/mL)^b	6.7 ± 0.6	2.4 ± 0.3^*	3.4 ± 1.4^*
HbA1c (%)^b	N/A	5.8 ± 0.1	10.0 ± 0.6^†
Abdominal CT
TAT area (cm²)^a	227 ± 73	654 ± 154^*	587 ± 182^*
VAT area (cm²)^a	67 ± 30	141 ± 60^*	223 ± 50^*,†
SAT area (cm²)^a	159 ± 60	513 ± 151^*	363 ± 155^*,†
VSR^a	0.48 ± 0.25	0.31 ± 0.22^*	0.67 ± 0.20^*,†

^aData are shown as the mean ± SD. ^bThe data were log-transformed for statistical analysis. Data are shown as the mean ± SE on the original (back-transformed) scale. *p < 0.05 vs. control, ^†p < 0.05 vs. obesity group analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. N/A, not available.