Table 1.
Background characteristics of the women and their offspring
| Characteristic | N (%)/mean (SD) |
|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |
| Maternal education level, n (%) | |
| Primary school or less | 175 (26.6) |
| Secondary school | 396 (60.3) |
| High school or above | 86 (13.1) |
| Maternal occupation, n (%) | |
| Farmer | 555 (84.5) |
| Other | 102 (15.5) |
| Paternal education level, n (%)a | |
| Primary school or less | 65 (9.9) |
| Secondary school | 449 (68.5) |
| High school or above | 140 (21.4) |
| Paternal occupation, n (%) | |
| Farmer | 492 (74.9) |
| Other | 165 (25.1) |
| Household wealth during pregnancy, n (%) | |
| Poor | 138 (21.0) |
| Middle | 271 (41.3) |
| Wealthy | 248 (37.8) |
| Maternal nutritional status and micronutrient supplements during pregnancy | |
| Age at delivery, mean ± SD, y | 25.5 ± 4.6 |
| MUAC in the first trimester, mean ± SD, cmb | 23.1 ± 1.8 |
| Micronutrient supplements, n (%) | |
| Folic acid | 236 (35.9) |
| Iron-folic acid | 223 (33.9) |
| MMN | 198 (30.1) |
| No. of supplement tablets, mean ± SD, p | 173.3 ± 41.1 |
| Birth outcome | |
| Gestation age at birth, mean ± SD, w | 39.9 ± 1.6 |
| Birth weight, mean ± SD, gc | 3179.5 ± 409.0 |
| Birth length, mean ± SD, cm | 49.2 ± 2.5 |
| Head circumference, mean ± SD, cm | 33.2 ± 1.6 |
| Apgar score at 5 min after birth, mean ± SD | 9.9 ± 0.5 |
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Boy | 404 (61.5) |
| Girl | 253 (38.5) |
| Toddler characteristics at 24 months of age | |
| Age at the assessment, mean ± SD, d | 24.5 ± 0.6 |
| Length, mean ± SD, cm | 84.6 ± 3.3 |
| Weight, mean ± SD, kg | 11.7 ± 1.3 |
| Primary caregivers, n (%)d | |
| Parents | 342 (53.3) |
| Grandparents | 300 (46.7) |
SD, standard deviation; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; MMN, multiple micronutrient. aPaternal education level missing 3. bMUAC missing 7. cBirth weight missing 10. dPrimary caregivers missing 15.