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. 2018 Sep 18;9:3809. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06369-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — New chemical bond formation after aqueous-solution treatments. Corresponding typical quasi-static piezoresponse hysteresis loops show that coercive fields decreased after Milli-Q-water-induced polarization switching (a) and acidic-solution-induced polarization switching (b). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrums showing an appearance of peak belongs to M–O–H bond after the polarization reversed in Milli-Q water (c) and acidic solution (d), indicating a significant formation of new surface chemical structure on BFO