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. 2018 Sep 18;8:13958. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32080-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of the minimum enzymatic set required to degrade different sugar linkages found in neutral HMOs by B. bifidum (See also Table 1). Sugars are depicted according to the nomenclature committee of the Consortium for Function Glycomics. LNFP I (Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc), 2′-FL (Fucα1-2Galβ1-4Glc), 3-FL (Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)Glc), and LNnT (Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc) are shown as representatives of the different sugar linkages. AfcA: 1,2-α-l-fucosidase; AfcB: 1,3-1,4-α-l-fucosidase; LnbB: lacto-N-biosiadse; BbgIII: β-1,4-galactosidase; BbhI: β-N-acetylglucosaminidase; GL-BP: galacto-N-biose/lacto-N-biose I-binding protein of ABC transporter; GLNBP: galacto-N-biose/lacto-N-biose I phosphorylase. Dashed lines indicate pathways that have not been identified in B. bifidum. Degradants that accumulate in the spent media during culture in the presence of HMOs are indicated by asterisks (See Fig. 3 and Table S3).