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. 2018 Sep 18;9:3806. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06204-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — TMTA distribution and photoluminescence (PL) characterization. a From left to right, scanning TEM (STEM, scale bar, 200 nm) image and EDS mapping of Pb and O (scale bar, 50 nm). The red line demarcates the EDS mapping area. b Enlarged FTIR spectra of MAPbI₃–TMTA and pure TMTA; the arrows indicate the stretching vibration peak of C=O. c Steady-state PL spectra and d time-resolved PL decays of MAPbI₃, MAPbI₃/PCBM, MAPbI₃–TMTA and MAPbI₃–TMTA/PCBM. The arrow indicates the blue-shifted PL peak in MAPbI₃–TMTA film