Table 1.

Results of a phylogenetic generalized least square regression (PGLS) model testing for among-stage differences in flight initiation distance (FID) after accounting for the confounding effects of starting distance (SD) and flock size as well as for phylogenetic (λ = 0.476; χ²₁₁₂ = 12.89; P = <0.001) and sample size (V + 20 W) effects.

Effect	B	SE(B)	t	P	r
SD	0.42	0.05	8.64	<0.001	0.537
Flock size	−0.02	0.04	−0.40	0.68941	0.038
Stage	0.09	0.02	4.44	<0.001	0.391

Model statistics are F_4,112 = 31.77, P < 0.001, R² = 0.45, AIC = −132.4. Boldface indicates statistical significance, and Pearson r values effect sizes.