Table 1.
TLS in different conditions.
| Disease | Type | Localization | Specific antigens identified? | Role/prognosis | Human studies | Mouse studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPA/WG | AID | Lungs | ANCAs | pathogenic | (12, 13) | |
| Hashimoto's Thyroiditis | AID | Thyroid | Thyroglobulin, Thyroperoxidase | pathogenic | (14, 15) | (16, 17) |
| MS | AID | CNS | Myelin (in mice) | pathogenic | (18–21) | (22–28) |
| Myasthenia gravis | AID | Thymus | Acetylcholine receptor | pathogenic | (29, 30) | (31) |
| Primary biliary cirrhosis, | AID | Liver | No | N/A | (32) | |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | AID | Synovium | RF, Citrullinated proteins | pathogenic | (33, 34) | (33, 35) |
| Sjogren's Syndrome | AID | Salivary/Lachrymal glands, Lung | SSA/Ro & SSB/La | pathogenic | (36–38) | (39, 40) |
| SLE | AID | Kidneys | No | pathogenic | (41) | (42, 43) |
| Breast cancer | Can | Breast | Tumor associated antigens | favorable | (44–47) | |
| Colorectal cancer | Can | Colon | No | favorable | (48, 49) | (49) |
| Lung cancer | Can | Lung | No | favorable | (50, 51) | |
| Ovarian cancer | Can | Ovarian | No | favorable | (52) | |
| Melanoma | Can | Skin | No | favorable | (53) | |
| PCD | Can | Pancreas | No | favorable | (54) | |
| Prostate cancer | Can | Prostate | No | favorable | (55) | |
| Atherosclerosis | CID | Arteries | No | protective (in mice) | (56, 57) | (58, 59) |
| COPD | CID | Lung | No | pathogenic (in mice) | (60–64) | (60, 62, 65) |
| IBD | CID | Gut | No | pathogenic (in mice) | (66–69) | (70–74) |
| PSC | CID | Liver | No | N/A | (75) | |
| Lyme disease | Inf | Joints | No direct evidence | N/A | (76) | |
| HCV | Inf | Liver | No direct evidence | N/A | (77–80) | |
| Heliobacter pylori | Inf | Gastric wall | No direct evidence | Pathogenic | (81–83) | (84) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Inf | Lungs | No direct evidence | Protection against pathogen | (85–87) | (85, 86, 88) |
| Allograft transplants | Tra | Heart, lung, kidney | Allo-antigens | Highly controversial | (89–94) | (95, 96) |
GPA/WG, Granulomatosis polyangiitis/Wegener's granulomatosis; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; PSC, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis AID, Autoimmune disease; CID, Chronic inflammatory disease; PDC, Pancreatic duct carcinoma; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; Can, Cancer; Tran, Transplantation; Inf, Infection. (Note: Studies on mice are presented only if there is evidence from human studies for the presence of TLSs in these different conditions).