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. 2018 Sep 13;9(1):51–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.09.004

Table 1.

Cephalometric points and landmarks used for evaluation of skeleto-dentoalveolar and airway structures.

Legend Cephalometric points and landmarks Description
1 S Midpoint of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
2 N Most anterior point of the frontonasal suture in the midsagittal plane
3 Po Superior most point of the external auditory meatus
4 Or Lowest point in the inferior margin of the orbit
5 Point A Most posterior point in the concavity between anterior nasal spine and the dental alveolus
6 Point B Most posterior point on the concavity along the anterior surface of the symphysis
7 Ar Point of intersection of the contour of the posterior border of the mandibular condylar process and the inferior border of the basilar part of the occipital bone
8 Go The most convex point along the inferior border of the ramus
9 Me The most inferior point of the symphysis
10 Rgn Retrognathic point, i.e. the most posterior point of symphysis
11 H The most superior and anterior points on the body of the hyoid bone
12 Tt Tongue tip
13 Eb Base of epiglottis
14 P Tip of soft palate
15 C3 Antero-inferior limit of the third cervical vertebra
16 PNS Tip of the posterior nasal spine
17 MnP Mandibular plane, a line joining menton (Me) and gonion (Go)
18 Go–B line A line joining Go and point B
19 U1 Axial inclination of the maxillary incisor
20 L1 Axial inclination of the mandibular incisor
21 Frankfort horizontal plane (FHP) Horizontal plane connecting porion and orbitale
22 Middle pharyngeal wall (Mpw) Junction of perpendicular line from P to the posterior pharyngeal wall
23 Lower pharyngeal wall (Lpw) Junction of perpendicular line from V to the posterior pharyngeal wall
24 Hyoid plane (HP) Line connecting the most superior anterior point on the body of the hyoid bone (Hyoidale, H-point) and the most posterior point of the greater horn of the hyoid bone (G-point).