Key developmental stages of Setaria viridis inflorescence development by SEM. (A) At 8 DAS, the S. viridis SAM (white open circle) had not yet transitioned to reproductive development. (B) By 10 DAS, the SAM had transitioned to an indeterminate IM (white dot) and primary BMs (yellow arrow) were initiated. As development proceeds through (C) 11 DAS, (D) 12 DAS, (E) 13 DAS, and (F) 14 DAS stages, primary, secondary, and higher order branching was progressively initiated (white dot, IM; yellow arrow, primary BM; white arrow, secondary BM; red arrow, tertiary BM). (G, J) At 15 DAS, SMs (red asterisk) had begun to differentiate and by 16 DAS (H, K), were distinguishable from developing bristles (white asterisk) and initiated glume primordia (lg, lower glume; ug, upper glume). (I, L) At 18 DAS, bristles were elongated and developed prickle hairs (ph) and SMs further differentiated floral organs (ul, upper lemma; p, palea; ap, anther primordium; o, ovary). Developmental stages that were used for RNAseq-based transcript profiling are labeled. Scale bars = 50 μm in (A), 100 μm in (B, C, J, and K), 250 μm in (D–F and L), and 500 μm in (G–I).