Table 2. Odds Ratios (95% CIs) of Low FMD according to Smoking Status.
| Never | Former | Current |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 30 cigarettes/day | ≥ 30 cigarettes/day | |||
| Total subjects | ||||
| No. of subjects | 364 | 342 | 170 | 34 |
| No. of low FMD < 5.1 | 62 | 93 | 46 | 14 |
| Proportion of low FMD < 5.1, % | 17 | 27 | 27 | 41 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.76–1.78) | 1.26 (0.77–2.06) | 2.24 (1.01–4.97)* |
| Multivariable OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.75–1.84) | 1.26 (0.75–2.13) | 2.23 (1.00–5.14)* |
| No. of low FMD < 6.8 | 161 | 185 | 93 | 24 |
| Proportion of low FMD < 6.8, % | 44 | 54 | 55 | 71 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.76–1.52) | 1.21 (0.80–1.83) | 2.32 (1.03–5.24)* |
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.73–1.49) | 1.07 (0.70–1.64) | 2.17 (1.01–5.05)* |
| Men | ||||
| No. of subjects | 89 | 260 | 134 | 34 |
| No. of low FMD < 5.1 | 23 | 76 | 43 | 14 |
| Proportion of low FMD < 5.1, % | 27 | 29 | 32 | 41 |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.56–1.68) | 1.32 (0.85–2.06) | 2.13 (1.02–4.46)* |
| Multivariable OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.52–1.62) | 1.25 (0.78–2.00) | 2.22 (1.01–4.95)* |
| No. of low FMD < 6.8 | 50 | 146 | 79 | 24 |
| Proportion of low FMD < 6.8, % | 56 | 56 | 59 | 71 |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.51–1.40) | 1.26 (0.83–1.91) | 2.27 (1.04–4.95)* |
| Multivariable OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.44–1.27) | 1.08 (0.69–1.69) | 2.16 (1.00–5.00)* |
| Women | ||||
| No. of subjects | 275 | 82 | 36 | 0 |
| No. of low FMD < 5.1 | 38 | 17 | 3 | 0 |
| Proportion of low FMD < 5.1,% | 14 | 21 | 8 | 0 |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.73 (0.91–3.30) | 0.51 (0.15–1.72) | - |
| Multivariable OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.73 (0.85–3.53) | 0.57 (0.16–2.06) | - |
| No. of low FMD < 6.8 | 111 | 39 | 14 | 0 |
| Proportion of low FMD < 6.8,% | 40 | 48 | 39 | 0 |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.47 (0.89–2.44) | 0.91 (0.45–1.84) | - |
| Multivariable OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.52 (0.89–2.59) | 0.99 (0.47–2.10) | - |
*
p < 0.05 compared with never smokers
a.
Multivariable variables included age, sex, community, baseline brachial artery diameter, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, non-HDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, medication use for dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, medication use for diabetes, current drinking status and physical activity