Table 3. Alternative events in genes previously linked to cancer.
| Gene name | Function | Clinical importance and
roles in other cancer types |
Clinical importance and roles in prostate
cancer |
|---|---|---|---|
|
TACC2
Transforming Acidic Coiled- Coil Containing Protein 2 |
centrosome- and
microtubule-interacting protein |
Growth and prognosis of
breast cancer 56 |
castration-resistant growth of prostate
cancer 57 |
| LIG4 | DNA ligase with role in DNA
repair |
Prognostic marker in
nasopharyngeal cancer 58 Upregulated in colorectal cancer with role in wnt signalling 59 |
Predictor of poor prognosis 60 |
|
RLN1 and RLN2
(Relaxin1 and 2) |
Endocrine hormones (part of
insulin gene superfamily) |
Breast cancer
invasiveness 61, 62 metastasis of human osteosarcoma 63 Thyroid cancer oncogenesis 64, 65 |
Well characterised role in the development
and progression of prostate cancer 5, 50– 55. |
|
TPD52
(Tumor Protein D52) |
Role in proliferation and exo-
and endocytic pathways |
Well characterised role
in numerous cancer types 46, 66– 69 |
Known AR target, overexpressed and
amplified in prostate cancer 70 Oncogene in prostate cancer 71 Neuroendocrine transdifferentiation of prostate cancer 72 Isoform produced by alternative promoter known as PrLZ and already linked to prostate cancer 47– 49, 73, 74 |
|
FDFT1
(Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1) |
squalene synthase | Role in lung cancer
metastasis 75 |
Linked to prostate cancer risk and
aggressiveness 76 |
|
TLE3
(Transducin Like Enhancer Of Split 3) |
Negative regulator of Wnt/β-
catenin signaling |
Predictive marker for
response to therapy in ovarian and breast cancer 77, 78 Represses colon cancer proliferation 79 |
Upregulated in prostate tumours
80 and
linked to wnt signalling in castrate resistant disease 81 |
|
CNNM2
(Cyclin & CBS Domain Divalent Metal Cation Transport Mediator 2) |
Magnesium transporter | Proposed oncogenic role
via increasing magnesium uptake 82 |
Unknown |
| NUP93 | Nucleoporin protein – role in
apoptosis |
Driver mutation linked to
breast cancer 83 |
Unknown |
|
MAT2A
Methionine adenosyltransferase II |
Biosynthesis of
S-adenosylmethionine, the principal biological methyl donor and precursor of polyamines and glutathione. |
Upregulated in liver and
colon cancer, potential drug target 84, 85 Tumour suppressor in kidney carcinogenesis 86 Role in other cancer types 87 |
Upregulated in prostate cancer and linked
to cell migration via miR-34a and miR- 34b 87, 88 |
| PIK3R1 | PI3K regulatory subunit | Underexpressed in breast
cancer 89 High mutation frequency in endometrial cancer 90 |
Controlled by androgens and repressed in
prostate cancer cells 21 |
|
SNAPC2
(Small Nuclear RNA Activating Complex Polypeptide 2) |
Subunit of the snRNA-
activating protein complex. Necessary for RNA polymerase II and III dependent small-nuclear RNA gene transcription |
Epigenetic silencing
is prognostic in glioblastoma 91 |
Unknown |
|
ZNF678
(Zinc Finger Protein 678) |
Potential role in
transcriptional regulation |
Unknown | Unknown |
|
NDUFV3
(NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Subunit V3) |
Subunit of part of the
mitochondrial respiratory chain |
Unknown | Androgen regulated alternative splice
isoform previously identified by our exon array study 10 |
|
OSBPL1A
(Oxysterol Binding Protein Like 1A) |
Intracellular lipid receptor | Alternative promoter use in
colorectal cancer 92 |
Unknown |
|
RDH13
(Retinol Dehydrogenase 13) |
Role in retinoic acid
production and protection against oxidative stress |
Unknown | Unknown |
|
ZNF121
(Zinc Finger Protein 121) |
Potential role in
transcriptional regulation |
Interacts with MYC.
Upregulated in breast cancer 93 |
Unknown |
|
SLC36A4.1
(Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 4) |
amino acid transporter | Unknown | Unknown |
|
RCAN1
(Regulator of Calcineurin 1) |
Inhibits calcineurin-
dependent signaling pathways |
Inhibits NF-κB and
suppresses lymphoma growth in mice 94. Role in cancer cell migration 95 |
Unknown |
|
DCXR
(Dicarbonyl & l-xylulose reductase) |
Role in the uronate cycle of
glucose metabolism |
Low expression
indicates poor prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma 96. Role in cell adhesion 97, 98 |
Upregulated and potential biomarker in
prostate cancer 99 |
|
NDUFAF4
(NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Complex Assembly Factor 4) |
Role in the mitochondrial
respiratory chain |
Unknown | Unknown |
|
MAPRE2
(Microtubule Associated Protein RP/EB Family Member 2) |
Microtubule-associated
protein that is necessary for spindle symmetry during mitosis |
Role in the invasion of
pancreatic cancer cells 100 |
Unknown |
|
PEX10
(Peroxisomal Biogenesis Factor 10) |
Involved in import of
peroxisomal matrix proteins |
Unknown | Unknown |
|
AP2S1
(Adaptor Related Protein Complex 2 Sigma 1 Subunit) |
Function in protein transport
across membranes |
Unknown | Unknown |
|
LINC01133
(long non-coding RNA) |
Long non-coding RNA | Poor prognosis in
colorectal cancer 101 Upregulated and linked to poor prognosis in lung cancer 102 |
Unknown |
|
ZNF226
(Zinc Finger Protein 226) |
Potential role in
transcriptional regulation |
Unknown | Unknown |
|
CDIP1
(Cell death inducing p53 target 1) |
p53 apoptotic effector
Regulates TNF-alpha- mediated apoptosis |
sensitivity to TNFα-
induced apoptosis in cancer cells 103 |
Unknown |