Figure 3.

CAFs promote proliferation, migration, and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro. A, The growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells (HuCCT‐1 and RBE) cultured with CAFs‐conditioned medium (CAFs‐CM) was greatly accelerated compared with cells cultured with normal fibroblasts‐conditioned medium (NFs‐CM) and 10% FBS medium, especially on day 3 (P < 0.001), day 4 (P < 0.0001), and day 5 (P < 0.0001). B, CAFs significantly promoted the migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells (P < 0.0001 for HuCCT‐1 and P < 0.001 for RBE; scale bar: 200 μm). C, The invasion ability of cholangiocarcinoma cells was severely promoted when cultured with CAFs‐CM compared to NFs‐CM and 10% FBS medium (P < 0.0001 for both HuCCT‐1 and P < 0.001 for RBE; scale bar: 200 μm). Bars represent the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments