Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to HbA1c (n=202 975)
| HbA1c (%) (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Overall | <5.0 (<91) | 5.0–5.4 (91–110) | 5.5–5.9 (111–125) | 6.0-6.4 (126–139) | 6.5–6.9 (140–153) | 7.0–7.9 (154–182) | ≥8 (≥183) | |
| Men | ||||||||
| n | 131 689 | 10 701 | 53 839 | 50 957 | 8995 | 2488 | 2224 | 2485 |
| Age (years)* | 44.6 (9.1) | 40.9 (8.2) | 42.6 (8.6) | 45.7 (9.0) | 49.6 (8.6) | 51.7 (7.9) | 51.6 (7.8) | 49.2 (8.2) |
| Walking time, ≥60 min/day (%) | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 13 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 45.15 | 44 | 44 | 46 | 47 | 50 | 46 | 40 |
| Daily consuming ≤20 cigarettes/day | 37.04 | 39 | 39 | 36 | 34 | 31 | 32 | 35 |
| Daily consuming >20 cigarettes/day | 17.8 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 22 | 25 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | ||||||||
| Non-drinker | 26 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 31 | 30 | 33 | 36 |
| Drinker <1 go/day† | 35 | 32 | 35 | 36 | 34 | 34 | 30 | 32 |
| Drinker 1 to <2 go/day† | 26 | 30 | 27 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 22 |
| Drinker ≥2 go/day† | 12 | 19 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 |
| Self-reported diabetes (%)‡ | 2.3 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.4 | 4.6 | 22.4 | 41.1 | 37.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 23.8 (3.5) | 22.6 (2.9) | 23.2 (3.1) | 24.0 (3.5) | 25.4 (4.0) | 26.0 (4.2) | 26.3 (4.3) | 26.4 (4.5) |
| Hypertension (%)§ | 28 | 21 | 22 | 29 | 44 | 57 | 57 | 53 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%)¶ | 39 | 29 | 33 | 41 | 54 | 59 | 60 | 65 |
| Women | ||||||||
| n | 71 286 | 5880 | 28 277 | 29 741 | 5286 | 890 | 618 | 594 |
| Age (years)* | 47.1 (9.0) | 41.5 (7.6) | 44.6 (8.6) | 49.0 (8.6) | 52.6 (7.6) | 53.9 (7.2) | 53.9 (7.2) | 52.0 (7.6) |
| Walking time, ≥60 min/day (%) | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 11 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 80 | 71 | 77 | 83 | 86 | 86 | 83 | 77 |
| Daily consuming ≤20 cigarettes/day | 19 | 26 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 22 |
| Daily consuming >20 cigarettes/day | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.9 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | ||||||||
| Non-drinker | 60 | 45 | 56 | 65 | 70 | 74 | 73 | 78 |
| Drinker <1 go/day† | 31 | 36 | 34 | 29 | 26 | 22 | 22 | 19 |
| Drinker 1 to <2 go/day† | 6.8 | 14.4 | 7.8 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 2.7 |
| Drinker ≥2 go/day† | 1.7 | 5.3 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| Self-reported diabetes (%)‡ | 1.2 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 17.4 | 38.2 | 47.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 22.3 (3.6) | 21.2 (2.9) | 21.6 (3.2) | 22.5 (3.7) | 23.9 (4.3) | 25.5 (4.7) | 26.4 (4.8) | 26.6 (4.6) |
| Hypertension (%)§ | 19 | 11 | 14 | 21 | 34 | 52 | 59 | 53 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%)¶ | 22 | 13 | 16 | 24 | 39 | 54 | 61 | 59 |
Longitudinal survey of 202 950 examinees in All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation, Japan, 2008.
*Mean (SD).
†1 go contains ~23 g of ethanol.
‡Self-reported diagnosis of diabetes or receiving medication.
§Systolic blood pressure≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure≥90 mm Hg or receiving medication.
¶Triglyceride level ≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol /L), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level <40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol /L) in men and <50mg/dL (1.3 mml/L) in women or receiving medication.
HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c.