Table 3.
Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance of haplotypic and allelic frequencies to test hypotheses associated with (a) subspecies classification schemes; (b) flyway designation; (c) geographic proximity; (d) nesting habitat; (e) putative refugia for greater white‐fronted goose populations. For complete list of hypothesized groupings, see Supporting Information Appendix S4. Some populations were not included in all groupings as it would be the sole representative for that group. For example, Cook Inlet and Greenland populations were excluded from subspecies grouping analysis as they are the only members of their respective subspecies. Significant fixation indices (p < 0.05) are indicated in bold. Please refer to Figure 1 and Table 1 for geographic location of each population namea
| Model | Hypothesized groupings | Variance components | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΦST | ΦSC | ΦCT | % Among groups | p (among group) | ||
| MtDNA Control Region | ||||||
| Subspecies | [Bristol Bay, YKD, Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Kolyma, Anadyr, Magadan, Yana, Lena] [Taimyr, Vaygach] | 0.357 | 0.257 | 0.135 | 13.5 | 0.059 |
| Subspecies | [Bristol Bay, YKD, Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Kolyma, Anadyr, Magadan, Yana] [Taimyr, Vaygach, Lena] | 0.333 | 0.259 | 0.099 | 9.9 | 0.027 |
| Flyway | [Vaygach, Taimyr] [Lena, Yana, Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.322 | 0.256 | 0.093 | 9.3 | 0.005 |
| Flyway | [Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.327 | 0.248 | 0.108 | 10.8 | 0.002 |
| Flyway | [Vaygach, Taimyr] [Yana River, Lena River] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.329 | 0.241 | 0.117 | 11.7 | 0.001 |
| Geographic | [Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Greenland] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.328 | 0.247 | 0.108 | 10.8 | 0.001 |
| Geographic | [Vaygach, Taimyr] [Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Greenland] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.331 | 0.240 | 0.119 | 11.9 | 0.001 |
| Geographic | [Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie] [Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Greenland] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.309 | 0.245 | 0.085 | 8.5 | 0.002 |
| Refugia | [Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr, Point Lay, North Slope, YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Anderson, Mackenzie, Yukon] [Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen] | 0.316 | 0.278 | 0.052 | 5.2 | 0.037 |
| Nesting habitat | [Greenland, Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana, Kolyma, Anadyr, Point Lay, North Slope, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet, YKD, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen][Magadan, Cook Inlet, Koyukuk, Selawik, Kanuti, Yukon] | 0.304 | 0.288 | 0.022 | 2.2 | 0.145 |
| F ST | F SC | F CT | % Among groups | p (among group) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microsatellite loci | ||||||
| Subspecies | [Bristol Bay, YKD, Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Kolyma, Anadyr, Magadan, Yana, Lena] [Taimyr, Vaygach] | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.60 | 0.052 |
| Subspecies | [Bristol Bay, YKD, Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Kolyma, Anadyr, Magadan, Yana] [Taimyr, Vaygach, Lena] | 0.006 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.70 | 0.013 |
| Flyway | [Vaygach, Taimyr] [Lena, Yana, Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.60 | 0.009 |
| Flyway | [Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.50 | 0.006 |
| Flyway | [Vaygach, Taimyr] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.60 | 0.018 |
| Geographic | [Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [[Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Greenland] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.40 | 0.077 |
| Geographic | [Vaygach, Taimyr] [Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Greenland] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.365 |
| Geographic | [Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr] [Point Lay, North Slope, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Yukon, Anderson, Mackenzie] [Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen, Greenland] [YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet] | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.40 | 0.015 |
| Refugia | [Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana] [Kolyma, Magadan, Anadyr, Point Lay, North Slope, YKD, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet, Koyukuk, Kanuti, Selawik, Anderson, Mackenzie, Yukon] [Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen] | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.20 | >0.05 |
| Nesting Habitat | [Greenland, Vaygach, Taimyr, Lena, Yana, Kolyma, Anadyr, Point Lay, North Slope, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet, YKD, Anderson, Mackenzie, Kent, Queen Maud, Victoria, Rasmussen][Magadan, Cook Inlet, Koyukuk, Selawik, Kanuti, Yukon] | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.30 | >0.05 |
Population codes given in parentheses are in reference to locality names and locations indicated in Figure 1 and Table 1: Bristol Bay (A), Cook Inlet (B), Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta or YKD (C), Kanuti NWR(D), Koyukuk NWR (E), North Slope (F), Selawik NWR (G), Point Lay (H), Anderson River (I), Mackenzie River (J), Kent Peninsula (K), Victoria Island (L), Queen Maud Gulf (M), Rasmussen Basin (N), Old Crow Flats, Yukon (O), Greenland (P), Anadyr Lowlands (Q), Kolyma River (R), Lena River (S), Magadan (T), Taimyr Peninsula (U), Vaygach Island (V), and Yana River (W).