Table 3.

Pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants

Scientific name	Family	Part used	Traditional use	Pharmacological effect	Refs.
Abies pindrow	Amaranthaceae	Leaves	Cough, asthma and other chest infection	Brochoprotective against histamine-induced bronchospasm, cromoglycate-like action on the mast cells and inhibition of sensitization and synthesis of reaginic-type antibodies	[40]
Abrus precatorius	Leguminosae	Root and leaves	Asthma, cough	Anti-allergic and Mast cell stabilizing effect in egg albumin induced degranulation of mast cells	[137, 138]
Achyranthes aspera Linn.	Amaranthaceae	Leaves	Pneumonia and asthma	Antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, mast cell stabilizer and bronchoprotective effect. Inhibits action of histamine, acetylcholine and 5-HT	[139, 140]
Albizia lebbeck Benth	Moraceae	Bark	Flu, cough, lung problems	Bronchodialator, Anti-allergic, Mast cell stabilizing property due to histamine release and cytokine expression of antigen –ige activated mast cells	[141, 142]
Alstonia scholaris	Fabaceae	Bark, Leaves	Asthma	Bronchodialator, anti-tussive effect against sulfur dioxide induced mice coughing and citric acid induced guinea pigs coughing. Anti-asthmatic activity against histamine induced bronchoconstriction	[143, 144]
Althaea officinalis L.	Lythraceae	Flowers, leaves, roots, fruits	Asthma and bronchitis	Cough suppressant activity in citric acid-induced cough reflex	[145]
Artemisia vulgaris	Asclepiadaceae	Leaves	Asthma	Bronchodilator due to anticholinergic and Ca2+ antagonist mechanisms	[146]
Artemisia maritime	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Cough	Bronchodilator activities mediated possibly through dual blockade of calcium channels and phosphodiesterase	[102]
Adhatoda vasica	Capparidaceae	Whole plant	Cough, bronchitis, asthma	Antiallergic, anti-anaphylactic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, bronchodilator and bronchoprotective activity	[147–149]
Allium cepa	Apiaceae	Stem, leaves	Cough	Mast cell membrane stabilizing activity through inhibitor of mast cell secretion and decrease in the release of tryptase, MCP-1 and IL-6	[150]
Bauhinia variegata	Mimosaceae	Bark, root, buds	Asthma	Mast cell membrane stabilizing effect	[151]
Boerhavia procumbens	Rutaceae	Roots	Cough, asthma	Anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory properties in Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) allergic model in rat	[152]
Cynodon dactylon	Ranunculaceae	Leaves	Asthma	Anti-anaphylactic activity and mast cell stabilizing activity	[153]
Emblica officinalis	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	Cold, cough	Anti-tussive activity	[37]
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.	Moraceae	Fruit	Cough	Protective effect in lung inflammation and bronchitis	[154]
Bunium persicum	Apiaceae	Seeds	Cold, cough	Anti-histaminic effect	[155]
Calotropis gigantean	Convolvulaceae	All parts	Cough and asthma	Protective effect in anaphylaxis and allergic disorders due to antihistaminic and mast cell stabilizing effect	[156]
Cannabis sativa	Cannabiaceae	Whole plant	Cough	Bronchodilator	[157]
Capparis spinosa L.	Capparidaceae	Flowerl, seeds	Asthma, cough	Antiallergic and antihistaminic effect Bronchorelaxant effects in histamine-induced bronchospasm	[158]
Capsicum annum L.	Asteraceae	Fruit	Bronchitis	Bronchodilator	[159]
Carum capticum L.	Violaceae	Seeds, leaves and flowers	Cough bronchitis and diarrhea	Bronchodilatory and anti-cholinergic effect, anti-histamine effect	[160–162]
Carum carvi L.	Asteraceae	Stem and leaves	Bronchitis, cough	Bronchodilatory and anti-cholinergic effect	[163]
Ephedra gerardiana	Ephedraceae	Stem	Asthma/breathing problem	Anti-asthmatic activity in ovalbumin induced mice model	[164]
Euphorbia hirta	Labiatae	Whole plant	Asthma	Antihistaminic, antiallergic activity and mast cell from degranulation	[165]
Ficus religiosa L.	Papilionaceae	Fruit, leaves	Asthma	Mast cell stabilizing effect in histamine and acetylcholine induced bronchospasm model	[166]
Inula racemosa	Violaceae	Root	Asthma andbronchitis	Anti-histaminic, anti-serotonergic and Mast cell membrane stabilizing activity	[167]
Lepidium sativum	Fabaceae	Shoot	Cough and cold	Bronchodilator activity in histamine and acetylcholine induced bronchospasm model	[168]
Mimosa pudica Linn.	Lamiaceae	Roots, leaves	Asthma	Bronchodilator in histamine induced bronchospasm model	[169]
Nyctanthes arbortristis	Asclepidiaceae	Shrub flowers	Cough	Antihistaminic activity	[170]
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Adiantaceae	Roots	Cough	Demulscent, anti-tussive and anti-asthmatic effects via modulation of th1/th2 cytokines and enhancement of cd4+ cd25+ foxp3+ regulatory t cells in ovalbumin-sensitized mice	[35, 171]
Helianthus annuus	Papilionaceae	Flower, root, seed, leaves	Asthma, bronchial	Anti-asthmatic effect in Ovalbumin-induced mice	[172]
Hyoscyamus niger Linn.	Zygophyllaceae	Whole plant	Asthma, whooping cough	Bronchodilator effect through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels	[173]
Trachyspermum ammi	Malvaceae	Seeds and oil	Bronchitis, asthma and colds, cough	Antiallergic, bronchodilator and spasmolytic effect (calcium antagonist)	[173]
Mangifera indica	Capparaceae	Flowers, leaves, bark and fruits	Asthma, cough	Anti-allergic, anti-asthmatic anti-cholinergic and anti-histamine effect	[174, 175]
Murraya koenigii	Rosaceae	Leaves	Asthma	Mast cell membrane stabilizing activity, anti-histaminic and anti-cholinergic effect	[3, 176]
Nigella sativa	Ranunculacea	Seeds	Whooping cough	Anti-histamine, bronchodilator and anti-asthmatic effect in asthmatic patients	[177–179]
Ocimum basilicum	Solanaceae	Leaves and seeds	Bronchitis, cough, cold	Bronchodilator and vasodilator activities through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels	[180]
Onosma bracteatum	Moraceae	Whole plant	Asthma and bronchitis	Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory action in bronchial hyperreactivity	[181, 182]
Oryza sativa	Salicaceae	Fruit, leaves, stem	Cold	Antianaphylactic effect, anti-inflammatory action by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells	[183, 184]
Papaver nudicaule L.	Papaveraceae	Herb	Cough	Cough and asthma-relieving effects in histamine phosphate induced asthma in guinea pigs	[185]
Portula caoleracea	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Asthma	Bronchodilator, anti-tussive and anti-asthmatic effect in histamiin induced asthmatic model bronchodilator effect, anti-tussive and anti-asthmatic effect	[156, 186, 187]
Ricinus communis	Leporidae	Leaves	Asthma and cough	Antiasthmatic activity in milk induced leukocytosis and eosinophilic mice	[188]
Salvia officinalis Linn.	Liliaceae	Leaves	Cough, cold	Bronchodilator effect via activation of voltage-dependent K+ channels and inhibition of phosphodiesterase enzyme	[129]
Solanum nigrum L.	Solanaceae	Leaf, berries, flowers, root and stem	Cough, bronchitis	Mast cell stabilizing effect in milk-induced leucocytosis and eosinophilic mice	[189]
Spinacia oleracea L.	Amarylliadaceae	Leaves	Cough	Anti-asthmatic effect in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic model	[190]
Taxus baccata Linn.	Moraceae	Bark	Asthma and bronchitis	Protective effect against bronchoconstriction and bronchial hyperreactivity in e histamine and acetylcholine aerosol induced bronchospasm	[191]
Viola odorata L.	Berberidaceae	Whole Plant	Flu and cold	Anti-asthmatic effect and Bronchodilator	[192, 193]
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. and Kit.	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Cough, chest problems	Anti-asthmatic effect	[194]
Vitexnegundo Linn.	Verbenaceae	Leaves	Flu	Anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic mast cell stabilizing and bronchodilatory activity	[182]
Cistanche tubulosa	Poaceae	Whole plant	Cough	Mast cell membrane stabilizing activity, anti-allergic effect	[165, 190]
Zingiber officinalis	Asclepiadaceae	Stem, leaves	Flu	Anti-asthmatic anti-inflammatory and protection against LPS induced airway hyperreactivity	[195, 196]
Ziziphus jujuba Mill	Liliaceae	Fruits	Bronchitis	Anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic activity, anti-histamine action in milk induced eosinophilia and leukocytosis	[197, 198]