Table 3.
Associations of milk intakes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality, REGARDS
| Categoriesa,b,c,d |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n = 18,429) |
2 (n = 738) |
3 (n = 760) |
4 (n = 748) |
5 (n = 752) |
Ptrende | |
| Whole Milk | ||||||
| All-causes | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 2,429 | 136 | 125 | 136 | 140 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.78 (1.50, 2.12) | 1.44 (1.21, 1.73) | 1.48 (1.25, 1.76) | 1.40 (1.18, 1.66) | <0.001 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 1.25 (1.05, 1.50) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.26) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.35) | 0.004 |
| CVDg | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 806 | 40 | 34 | 45 | 32 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.56 (1.15, 2.17) | 1.19 (0.85, 1.68) | 1.48 (1.10, 2.00) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.36) | 0.38 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.78, 1.52) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.48) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.16) | 0.80 |
| Cancer | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 689 | 35 | 41 | 34 | 55 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.61 (1.14, 2.26) | 1.62 (1.18, 2.23) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.82) | 2.00 (1.52, 2.63) | <0.001 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.81, 1.62) | 1.20 (0.87, 1.65) | 0.87 (0.62, 1.24) | 1.56 (1.17, 2.08) | 0.006 |
| Low-Fat Milk | (n = 9,114) | (n = 3,074) | (n = 3,087) | (n = 3,074) | (n = 3,078) | |
| All-causes | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 1,236 | 387 | 414 | 434 | 495 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 0.002 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.65 |
| CVDg | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 369 | 140 | 139 | 147 | 162 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.35 (1.12, 1.65) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.34) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.31) | 0.004 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 1.24 (1.02, 1.51) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.26) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.38) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.45) | 0.12 |
| Cancer | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 372 | 108 | 123 | 135 | 116 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.25) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) | 0.93 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.31) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 0.33 |
| Non-Fat Milk | (n = 17,749) | (n = 917) | (n = 920) | (n = 906) | (n = 935) | |
| All-causes | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 2,575 | 98 | 92 | 110 | 91 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.64, 0.96) | 0.60 (0.49, 0.74) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.90) | 0.56 (0.46, 0.69) | <0.001 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.94) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.22) | 0.75 (0.61, 0.93) | 0.001 |
| CVDg | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 829 | 36 | 26 | 38 | 28 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.65, 1.27) | 0.53 (0.36, 0.78) | 0.80 (0.58, 1.10) | 0.53 (0.37, 0.78) | 0.01 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.73, 1.43) | 0.65 (0.44, 0.97) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.46) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.05) | 0.06 |
| Cancer | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 735 | 22 | 26 | 40 | 31 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.60 (0.39, 0.91) | 0.60 (0.41, 0.89) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.28) | 0.68 (0.47, 0.97) | 0.22 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.47, 1.11) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.12) | 1.25 (0.90, 1.73) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.28) | 0.86 |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
Five categories of milk intake with no intake as reference category.
The median (range) intakes (g/d) of whole milk in the categories for men were 0 (0), 10.9 (>0 - <34.8), 74.2 (34.8 - <112), 171 (112 - <246), 382 (246 – 1,216), and for women they were 0 (0), 10.4 (>0 - <20.9), 41.9 (20.9 - < 78.0), 119 (78.0 - <186), 325 (186 – 1,288), respectively.
The median (range) intakes (g/d) of low-fat milk in the categories for men were 0 (0), 11.9 (>0 - <39.4), 78.5 (39.4 - <121), 177 (121 - <249), 382 (249 – 1,310), and for women they were 0 (0), 8.1 (>0 - <23.7), 56.9 (23.7 - < 97.3), 144 (97.3 - <230), 348 (230 – 1,351), respectively.
The median (range) intakes (g/d) of non-fat milk in the categories for men were 0 (0), 56.6 (>0 - <109), 162 (109 - <239), 291 (239 - <383), 552 (383 – 1,220), and for women they were 0 (0), 38.9 (>0 - <105), 146 (105 - < 208), 271 (208 - <382), 534 (382 – 1,175), respectively.
P-trend calculated using sex-specific medians of each quantile.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, region, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and aspirin use, hormone replacement therapy use (females), education, annual income, supplemental calcium, total energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, processed and red meat intake, dietary oxidative balance score.
Cardiovascular disease mortality includes deaths due to myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, sudden death, other cardiac causes, and other cardiovascular non-cardiac causes.