Table 4.
Associations of whole/low-fat and non-fat milk residuals with all-cause and cause-specific mortality, REGARDS
| Quintiles |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trenda | |
| Whole/Low-Fat Milk Residuals | (n = 6,116) | (n = 3,827) | (n = 3,828) | (n = 3,828) | (n = 3,828) | |
| All-causes | ||||||
| Number of deaths | 699 | 523 | 508 | 580 | 656 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.38 (1.23, 1.55) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.41) | 1.33 (1.19, 1.49) | 1.32 (1.18, 1.46) | <0.0001 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.02, 1.31) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.25) | 0.03 |
| CVDc | ||||||
| Number of deaths | 218 | 179 | 147 | 204 | 209 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.53 (1.25, 1.86) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.44) | 1.49 (1.23, 1.80) | 1.33 (1.10, 1.61) | <0.0001 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.08, 1.65) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) | 1.23 (1.01, 1.50) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | 0.10 |
| Cancer | ||||||
| Number of deaths | 207 | 152 | 149 | 160 | 186 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.09, 1.66) | 1.24 (1.00, 1.53) | 1.26 (1.03, 1.55) | 1.32 (1.09, 1.61) | 0.0004 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.90, 1.42) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.27) | 1.09 (0.88, 1.34) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) | 0.33 |
| Non-fat Milk Residuals | (n = 17,749) | (n = 918) | (n = 920) | (n = 920) | (n = 920) | |
| All-causes | ||||||
| Number of deaths | 2,575 | 93 | 88 | 103 | 107 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.55, 0.83) | 0.66 (0.53, 0.81) | 0.67 (0.55, 0.82) | 0.65 (0.54, 0.79) | <0.0001 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.70, 1.07) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.05) | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) | 0.0001 |
| CVDc | ||||||
| Number of deaths | 829 | 27 | 27 | 43 | 31 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.42, 0.89) | 0.63 (0.43, 0.93) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.19) | 0.58 (0.41, 0.84) | 0.02 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.50, 1.11) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.78, 1.46) | 0.71 (0.49, 1.03) | 0.09 |
| Cancer | ||||||
| Number of deaths | 735 | 23 | 24 | 32 | 40 | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.58 (0.39, 0.88) | 0.61 (0.40, 0.91) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) | 0.19 |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.48, 1.13) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.13) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.38) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.55) | 0.99 |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
P-trend calculated using sex-specific medians of each quintile.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, region, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and aspirin use, hormone replacement therapy use (females), education, annual income, dietary calcium, total energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, processed and red meat intake, dietary oxidative balance score.
Cardiovascular disease mortality includes deaths due to myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, sudden death, other cardiac causes, and other cardiovascular non-cardiac causes.