Fig. 3.

Proteasome and VCP/p97 inhibition have differing effects on mineralised nodules' stiffness and adhesion interactions. a, Schematic showing how mineralised nodules were probed by AFM in force-indentation mode using a cantilever with a pyramidal tip. b, Typical force-indentation curve generated from indenting a mineralised nodule. Schematic shows how nodule stiffness and adhesion interactions were calculated from the retraction curve. c, Measurements of Young's Modulus (Pa) of mineralised nodules. Plots show medians, 1st and 3rd quartiles and highest and lowest values. d, Measurements of adhesion force, e, length of adhesion interactions and f, adhesion energy generated from force-indentation curves on control, DBeQ- and bortezomib-treated cultures. Plots show medians. Histograms with their associated statistical analyses show how the distributions of values differed between the groups. In c.-f. a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison was used to determine statistical significance. Significant differences in the distributions of adhesion values were evaluated using a Mantel-Haenszel linear-by-linear association Chi-squared (χ²) test for trend. Power was evaluated by determining Goodman and Kruskal's gamma (γ). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001. For detailed n and p values see Supplementary Table 6.