TABLE 2.

Prevalence of women who newly need insulin treatment, stratified by maternal GDM screening with 2-step

KPH
Mother’s glucose screening results	n	n with insulin	%
Overall	26,498	788	2.97
Normal GCT (<140 mg/dL)	20,716	11	0.05
+GCT, normal OGTT	2820	54	1.91a
+GCT, 1 abnormal OGTT by C&C (1 hr, 2 hr, or 3 hr, post OGTT)	931	22	2.36a
+GCT, 1 abnormal OGTT by C&C (Fasting ≥95 mg/dL)	109	13	11.93a,b
+GCT, GDM-C&C (but no GDM-NDDG)	636	123	19.34a,b
+GCT, GDM-NDDG	967	375	38.78a,b
GCT >200 mg/dL	319	190	59.56a,b
P value for trendc			< .0001
KPNW
Mother’s glucose screening results	n	n with insulin	%
Overall	38,189	477	1.25
Normal GCT (<140 mg/dL)	32,023	54	0.17
+GCT, normal OGTT	2888	91	3.15a
+GCT, 1 abnormal OGTT by C&C (1-, 2-, or 3-h post-OGTT)	1112	9	0.81a,b
+GCT, 1 abnormal OGTT by C&C (fasting ≥95 mg/dL)	178	11	6.18a,b
+GCT, GDM-C&C (but no GDM-NDDG)	690	35	5.07a,b
+GCT, GDM-NDDG	1022	170	16.63a,b
GCT >200 mg/dL	276	107	38.77a,b
P value for trendc			< .0001
KPH and KPNW
Mother’s glucose screening results	n	n with insulin	%
Overall	64,687	1265	1.96
Normal GCT (<140 mg/dL)	52,739	65	0.12
+GCT, normal OGTT	5708	145	2.54a
+GCT, 1 abnormal OGTT by C&C (1-, 2-, or 3-h post-OGTT)	2043	31	1.52a,b
+GCT, 1 abnormal OGTT by C&C (fasting	287	24	8.36a,b
+GCT, GDM-C&C (but no GDM-NDDG)	1326	158	11.92a,b
+GCT, GDM-NDDG	1989	545	27.40a,b
GCT > 200 mg/dL	595	297	49.92a,b
Pvalue for trendc			< .0001

Excludes preexisting diabetes mellitus and multiple fetuses. Note that, as these are mutually exclusive categories for this table, GDM-C&C means “mild GDM” values that exceed C&C but did not meet GDM-NDDG (total prevalence of GDM is 2 GDM categories combined). Moreover, if woman had GCT >200 mg/dL, she was not additionally included in GDM category even if she met criteria.

C&C, Carpenter and Coustan criteria; GCT, glucose challenge test; +GCT, 1-h, 50-g GCT >7.7 mmol/l (140 mg/dL); GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus (≥2 values exceed threshold by C&C or NDDG criteria); KPH, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii; KPNW, Kaiser Permanente Northwest; NDDG, National Diabetes Data Group criteria; OGTT, 100-g oral glucose tolerance test.

^aStatistically different from normal GCT at P< .05 by χ² or Fisher exact text;

^bStatistically different from +GCT, normal OGTT at P < .05 by χ² or Fisher exact test;

^cPvalue for trend across all glucose groups based on Mantel-Haenszel χ².