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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun 28;209(5):440.e1–440.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.044

TABLE 3.

Relationship of glucose to incident insulin treatment in subgroups

Glucose group
P value for trend
No GDM C&C GDM GCT >200 mg/dL
Prepregnancy BMIa

 Normal (>18.5 but <25 kg/m2)

  N 17,376 619 75

  Treated with insulin, % 0.1 9.5 29.3 <.0001

 Overweight (25–29 kg/m2)

  N 9050 529 102

  Treated with insulin, % 0.4 18.2 49.0 <.0001

 Obese (≥30 kg/m2)

  N 7978 799 143

  Treated with insulin, % 1.7 29.3 56.6 <.0001

Raceb

 White

  n 34,641 1445 223

  Treated with insulin, % 0.4 14.1 39.5 < .0001

 Hawaiian

  n 8137 454 94

  Treated with insulin, % 0.5 36.6 64.9 < .0001

 Filipino

  n 5231 489 105

  Treated with insulin, % 0.4 27.2 58.1 < .0001

 Japanese

  n 2561 200 31

  Treated with insulin, % 0.4 29.5 41.9 < .0001

 Black

  n 1827 61 19

  Treated with insulin, % 0.4 21.3 47.4 < .0001

 Chinese

  n 1139 118 16

  Treated with insulin, % 0.7 23.7 62.5 < .0001

 Other Asian/Pacific Islander

  n 5584 459 99

  Treated with insulin, % 0.3 17.4 51.5 < .0001

Hispanic

 No

  n 53,498 2863 505

  Treated with insulin, % 0.4 20.9 49.9 <.0001

 Yes

  n 7278 452 90

  Treated with insulin, % 0.6 23.0 50.0 < .0001

Cohort

 1995 through 2002

  n 28,205 1426 285

  Treated with insulin, % 0.2 18.6 47.4 < .0001

 2003 through 2010

  n 32,572 1889 310

  Treated with insulin, % 0.6 23.2 52.3 < .0001

Gestational age at screen

 ≤16 wk

  n 1774 435 112

  Treated with insulin, % 5.5 34.9 67.9 < .0001

 24–28 wk

  N 42,027 1860 276

  Treated with insulin, % 0.2 18.6 44.6 <.0001

BMI, body mass index; C&C, Carpenter and Coustan criteria; GCT, 1-h, 50-g glucose challenge test; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus (≥2 values on 3-h, 100-g oral glucose tolerance test exceed threshold by C&C: fasting >95 mg/dL; 1 h >180 mg/dL; 2 h >155 mg/dL; 3 h >140 mg/dL).

a

Only available in subset of 36,671 (27,016 Kaiser Permanente Northwest; 9655 Kaiser Permanente Hawaii) for which EMR prepregnancy weights were measured (Kaiser Permanente Hawaii did not implement EMR until 2004 through 2005);

b

Race groups including American Indian/Alaskan Native (n = 288), other (n = 682), and unknown (6) are not included—when they are categorized according to glucose groups, cell sizes become too small for stable estimation.