TABLE 3.
Glucose group
|
P value for trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No GDM | C&C GDM | GCT >200 mg/dL | ||
Prepregnancy BMIa | ||||
| ||||
Normal (>18.5 but <25 kg/m2) | ||||
| ||||
N | 17,376 | 619 | 75 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.1 | 9.5 | 29.3 | <.0001 |
| ||||
Overweight (25–29 kg/m2) | ||||
| ||||
N | 9050 | 529 | 102 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.4 | 18.2 | 49.0 | <.0001 |
| ||||
Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | ||||
| ||||
N | 7978 | 799 | 143 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 1.7 | 29.3 | 56.6 | <.0001 |
| ||||
Raceb | ||||
| ||||
White | ||||
| ||||
n | 34,641 | 1445 | 223 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.4 | 14.1 | 39.5 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Hawaiian | ||||
| ||||
n | 8137 | 454 | 94 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.5 | 36.6 | 64.9 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Filipino | ||||
| ||||
n | 5231 | 489 | 105 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.4 | 27.2 | 58.1 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Japanese | ||||
| ||||
n | 2561 | 200 | 31 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.4 | 29.5 | 41.9 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Black | ||||
| ||||
n | 1827 | 61 | 19 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.4 | 21.3 | 47.4 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Chinese | ||||
| ||||
n | 1139 | 118 | 16 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.7 | 23.7 | 62.5 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Other Asian/Pacific Islander | ||||
| ||||
n | 5584 | 459 | 99 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.3 | 17.4 | 51.5 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Hispanic | ||||
| ||||
No | ||||
| ||||
n | 53,498 | 2863 | 505 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.4 | 20.9 | 49.9 | <.0001 |
| ||||
Yes | ||||
| ||||
n | 7278 | 452 | 90 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.6 | 23.0 | 50.0 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Cohort | ||||
| ||||
1995 through 2002 | ||||
| ||||
n | 28,205 | 1426 | 285 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.2 | 18.6 | 47.4 | < .0001 |
| ||||
2003 through 2010 | ||||
| ||||
n | 32,572 | 1889 | 310 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.6 | 23.2 | 52.3 | < .0001 |
| ||||
Gestational age at screen | ||||
| ||||
≤16 wk | ||||
| ||||
n | 1774 | 435 | 112 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 5.5 | 34.9 | 67.9 | < .0001 |
| ||||
24–28 wk | ||||
| ||||
N | 42,027 | 1860 | 276 | |
| ||||
Treated with insulin, % | 0.2 | 18.6 | 44.6 | <.0001 |
BMI, body mass index; C&C, Carpenter and Coustan criteria; GCT, 1-h, 50-g glucose challenge test; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus (≥2 values on 3-h, 100-g oral glucose tolerance test exceed threshold by C&C: fasting >95 mg/dL; 1 h >180 mg/dL; 2 h >155 mg/dL; 3 h >140 mg/dL).
Only available in subset of 36,671 (27,016 Kaiser Permanente Northwest; 9655 Kaiser Permanente Hawaii) for which EMR prepregnancy weights were measured (Kaiser Permanente Hawaii did not implement EMR until 2004 through 2005);
Race groups including American Indian/Alaskan Native (n = 288), other (n = 682), and unknown (6) are not included—when they are categorized according to glucose groups, cell sizes become too small for stable estimation.