Fig 3. Displacement induced by transverse electric fields.

(A) Displacement distance (Å) of Cα atoms between final tubulin structures after 10 ns of 750 kV/cm in the positive and negative transverse directions (after superimposition of structures). (B) Displacements exceeding 2 angstroms are visualized by vectors from the residues in the initial, equilibrated structure (white) to the final structure after application along the negative direction (red arrows) and the positive direction (blue arrows). For clarity, every other displacement vector is shown. (C, D, E) Final positions of the dimer are visualized after 750 kV/cm in the negative (red) and positive (blue) transverse directions for the β:H6-H7 Loop, α:H1-B2 Loop, and β:C-terminus. Positively and negatively charged residue side chains are represented by light-blue and yellow sticks, respectively.