Table 1. Demographic and Baseline Characteristics of the Participants With Chronic Spinal Paina.
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) [Range] |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||
| Age, y | ||
| Experimental group | 39.91 (11.95) | 37.50 (24.00) [20-65] |
| Control group | 40.53 (12.88) | 40.00 (22.00) [19-65] |
| Body height, cm | ||
| Experimental group | 172.86 (8.86) | 172.00 (12.00) [157.00-201.00] |
| Control group | 171.52 (10.65) | 170.00 (17.00) [153.00-197.00] |
| Body weight, kg | ||
| Experimental group | 69.68 (14.28) | 66.00 (19.00) [49.00-110.00] |
| Control group | 71.11 (13.78) | 69.50 (18.80) [46.00-108.00] |
| Body mass indexb | ||
| Experimental group | 23.16 (3.30) | 23.31 (4.74) [16.65-32.41] |
| Control group | 24.09 (3.81) | 23.65 (4.69) [18.44-36.11] |
| Pain duration, mo | ||
| Experimental group | 121.55 (100.77) | 97.00 (154.50) [6.00-420.00] |
| Control group | 103.41 (82.88) | 68.75 (105.00) [7.00-348.00] |
| Baseline | ||
| PPT prim, kgfc | ||
| Experimental group | 4.56 (2.40) | 4.99 (3.35) [1.19-13.67] |
| Control group | 4.43 (2.45) | 4.35 (3.35) [0.80-11.57] |
| PPT hand, kgf | ||
| Experimental group | 3.60 (1.88) | 3.84 (2.25) [1.10-10.67] |
| Control group | 3.60 (1.87) | 3.39 (2.04) [1.31-11.63] |
| PPT leg, kgf | ||
| Experimental group | 5.33 (2.57) | 5.71 (3.77) [1.60-16.42] |
| Control group | 5.08 (2.53) | 4.90 (3.76) [1.97-14.58] |
| CMP prim, scorec | ||
| Experimental group | 1.08 (1.38) | 1.02 (1.59) [−2.18 to 5.69] |
| Control group | 1.05 (1.30) | 1.04 (1.79) [−3.43 to 5.96] |
| CPM leg, score | ||
| Experimental group | 1.03 (1.25 | 1.09 (1.75 [−2.17 to 6.08] |
| Control group | 1.01 (1.46) | 0.65 (1.48) [−3.32 to 7.31] |
| NRS score (out of 10) | ||
| Experimental group | 5.15 (1.89) | 5.00 (3.00) [2.00-10.00] |
| Control group | 4.98 (1.90) | 5.00 (4.00) [2.00-8.00] |
| CSI score (out of 100) | ||
| Experimental group | 40.17 (11.43) | 37.00 (13.00) [15.00-72.00] |
| Control group | 39.88 (11.39) | 39.50 (16.00) [12.00-64.00] |
| PDI score (out of 70) | ||
| Experimental group | 21.92 (14.61) | 19.00 (24.00) [4.00-63.00] |
| Control group | 21.58 (13.43) | 18.50 (16.00) [0.00-63.00] |
| SF36 mental health score (out of 400) | ||
| Experimental group | 279.34 (70.63) | 289.00 (89.50) [85.00-372.00] |
| Control group | 280.24 (70.67) | 289.00 (101.96) [105.50-390.00] |
| SF36 physical health score (out of 400) | ||
| Experimental group | 235.75 (66.29) | 237.50 (107.50) [30.00-347.50] |
| Control group | 225.63 (79.30) | 226.25 (130.60) [45.00-360.00] |
| TSK score (out of 68) | ||
| Experimental group | 34.37 (7.09 | 33.00 (11.00) [21.00-51.00] |
| Control group | 36.72 (6.85) | 37.00 (10.00) [26.00-61.00] |
| PVAQ score (out of 80) | ||
| Experimental group | 36.90 (11.92) | 36.00 (19.00) [14.00-69.00] |
| Control group | 35.77 (12.66) | 33.50 (19.00) [4.00-70.00] |
| PCS score (out of 52) | ||
| Experimental group | 16.53 (9.75) | 15.00 (14.00) [0.00-39.00] |
| Control group | 16.85 (10.52) | 14.50 (16.00) [0.00-48.00] |
| Participants, No. (%) | ||
| Dominant pain problem | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| Neck pain | 32 (53) | |
| Low back pain | 28 (47) | |
| Control group | ||
| Neck pain | 32 (53) | |
| Low back pain | 28 (47) | |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| Male | 22 (37) | |
| Female | 38 (63) | |
| Control group | ||
| Male | 25 (42) | |
| Female | 35 (58) | |
| Educational level, No. (%) | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| No degree | 0 | |
| Lower secondary school | 4 (7) | |
| Higher secondary school | 11 (18) | |
| Higher education | 45 (75) | |
| Control group | ||
| No degree | 0 | |
| Lower secondary school | 8 (13) | |
| Higher secondary school | 13 (22) | |
| Higher education | 39 (65) | |
| Handedness, No. (%) | ||
| Experimental group | ||
| Left-handed | 5 (8) | |
| Right-handed | 55 (92) | |
| Control group | ||
| Left-handed | 3 (5) | |
| Right-handed | 57 (95) |
Abbreviations: CPM, conditioned pain modulation; CSI, Central Sensitization Inventory; IQR, interquartile range; kgf, kilogram force; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; PCS, Total Score of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PDI, Pain Disability Index; PPT, pressure pain threshold; prim, primary (pain) test site; PVAQ, Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire; SF36, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; TSK, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia.
a
There were 60 participants in the experimental group and 60 participants in the control group.
b
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
c
Values of people with neck pain and low back pain measures at the primary test site were analyzed together, using PPT location as confounding factor.