Table 4. Dependent, Cannabis Policy, and Other Independent Variablesa.
| Variable | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|
| Filled daily doses, in millions, No. | |
| Any opioid | 23.08 (24.34) |
| Hydrocodone | 11.78 (13.60) |
| Oxycodone | 0.83 (0.74) |
| Fentanyl | 1.38 (1.24) |
| Morphine | 1.70 (1.78) |
| Methadone | 0.67 (0.72) |
| Other opioid | 6.71 (7.33) |
| Medical cannabis law in effect | 0.36 (0.48) |
| Medical cannabis dispensary open | 0.19 (0.39) |
| Medical cannabis home cultivation allowed | 0.20 (0.40) |
| State had legalized recreational cannabis | 0.029 (0.17) |
| State prescription drug monitoring program in effect | 0.79 (0.40) |
| Medicare prescriber Herfindahl Index | 0.028 (0.02) |
| Percentage of population below federal poverty level | 15.24 (3.09) |
| Percentage of population enrolled in Medicare | 0.12 (0.02) |
| Percentage of Medicare enrollees in Medicare Advantage | 0.26 (0.13) |
| Total state population (in millions) | 6.18 (6.95) |
| Time trend | 3.50 (1.71) |
a
There were 306 state and year observations. State indicator variables not shown. Means for categorical variables represent the average of the 0 (no) and 1 (yes) values across each state and year observation. The Herfindahl Index is a commonly used economic measure of market competitiveness; we have scaled the index to range from zero (perfectly competitive) to 100 (perfect monopoly). The time trend ranges from 1 to 6 (2010 to 2015, respectively).