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. 2018 Sep 17;26(9):1491–1500. doi: 10.1002/oby.22267

Table 1.

Adjusted mean differences and relative risks for offspring weight outcomes through childhood and adolescence according to maternal rotating night shift work history before pregnancy using data from GUTS2 from 2004 to 2013, restricted to singleton full‐term births

History of rotating night shift work
Never worked rotating night shifts <3 years 3‐5 years ≥6 years P trend Ever worked rotating night shifts
MD in offspring birth weight (g)
Participants 1,458 1,305 964 416 2,685
MD 95% CI MD 95% CI MD 95% CI MD 95% CI
Basic modela 0 (reference) 10.68 −26.33 to 47.69 0.98 −39.06 to 41.03 −7.80 −65.11 to 49.51 0.79 4.41 −27.48 to 36.30
MV model 1b 0 (reference) 12.16 −24.54 to 48.87 4.73 −34.55 to 44.02 −1.43 −59.29 to 56.43 0.99 7.51 −23.89 to 38.92
MV model 2c 0 (reference) 10.33 −26.26 to 49.91 2.39 −36.85 to 41.64 −6.28 −63.84 to 51.27 0.85 5.06 −26.32 to 36.44
RR of offspring's somatotype at age 5 being larger than the median
Cases/participants 628/1,631 584/1,451 437/1,103 186/474 1,207/3,028
RR 95% CI RR 95% CI RR 95% CI RR 95% CI
Basic modela 1 (reference) 1.04 0.95 to 1.14 1.02 0.93 to 1.13 1.01 0.89 to 1.15 0.82 1.03 0.95 to 1.11
MV model 1b 1 (reference) 1.03 0.94 to 1.12 1.02 0.92 to 1.12 1.01 0.88 to 1.15 0.87 1.02 0.95 to 1.10
MV model 2c 1 (reference) 1.02 0.94 to 1.12 1.01 0.92 to 1.12 1.00 0.88 to 1.14 0.97 1.02 0.94 to 1.10
RR of offspring having overweight or obesity at any time between 2004 and 2013 d
Cases/participants 523/1,667 523/1,494 394/1,125 168/487 1,085/3,106
RR 95% CI RR 95% CI RR 95% CI RR 95% CI
Basic modela 1 (reference) 1.10 1.00 to 1.22 1.11 1.00 to 1.24 1.08 0.94 to 1.25 0.11 1.10 1.01 to 1.20
MV model 1b 1 (reference) 1.11 1.01 to 1.23 1.12 1.01 to 1.25 1.07 0.92 to 1.23 0.14 1.11 1.02 to 1.21
MV model 2c 1 (reference) 1.11 1.00 to 1.22 1.10 0.99 to 1.23 1.03 0.89 to 1.18 0.31 1.09 1.00 to 1.19
RR of offspring persistently having overweight or obesity e
Cases/participants 114/1,667 124/1,494 103/1,125 37/487 264/3,106
RR 95% CI RR 95% CI RR 95% CI RR 95% CI
Basic modela 1 (reference) 1.19 0.92 to 1.54 1.35 1.04 to 1.76 1.07 0.74 to 1.55 0.13 1.23 0.99 to 1.53
MV model 1b 1 (reference) 1.22 0.95 to 1.58 1.39 1.06 to 1.80 1.04 0.71 to 1.52 0.17 1.25 1.00 to 1.56
MV model 2c 1 (reference) 1.21 0.94 to 1.55 1.33 1.02 to 1.73 0.96 0.67 to 1.40 0.31 1.21 0.97 to 1.51
MD in offspring BMI (kg/m2) using n = 15,008 repeated measurements, 2004‐2013
Observations 5,309 4,674 3,528 1,487 9,689
MD 95% CI MD 95% CI MD 95% CI MD 95% CI
Basic modela,f 0 (reference) 0.04 −0.20 to 0.29 0.22 −0.04 to 0.49 0.53 0.17 to 0.89 <0.01 0.18 −0.03 to 0.39
MV model 1b 0 (reference) 0.07 −0.18 to 0.31 0.26 −0.01 to 0.52 0.49 0.13 to 0.85 <0.01 0.20 −0.01 to 0.41
MV model 2c 0 (reference) 0.03 −0.21 to 0.26 0.20 −0.06 to 0.45 0.33 −0.02 to 0.67 0.03 0.13 −0.01 to 0.41

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; MV, multivariable model; RR, relative risk.

a

Adjusted for offspring gender (boy/girl) and gestational age ≥ 42 weeks (yes/no).

b

Additionally adjusted for maternal age at pregnancy, smoking status before pregnancy (never, current, past), alternative healthy eating score (quintiles), physical activity (MET‐hours/week; quintiles), husband's education (less than 2 years of college, 4 years of college, graduate school), parity (nulliparity, 1, 2, or 3+ previous pregnancies).

c

Additionally adjusted for BMI before pregnancy (<25, 25‐29, ≥30 kg/m2).

d

Overweight and obesity status defined according to age‐ and sex‐specific cutoffs from International Obesity Task Force.

e

Persistently having overweight or obesity was defined as falling into that category in three consecutive follow‐up cycles.

All models are additionally adjusted for age at BMI measurement.