Table 2.
Hemodynamic and Clinical Risk Factors for Fontan Associated Diseases
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Hemodynamic variables | ||||
| PVRI, per 1 WU*m2 increment | 2.22 (1.71 – 2.88) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.39 – 2.41) | 0.01 |
| Cardiac index, per 1 l/min/m2 decrease | 1.04 (0.82 – 1.15) | 0.13 | --- | --- |
| PAWP, per 1 mm Hg increment | 1.69 (1.11 – 2.19) | 0.04 | 1.09 (0.59–2.75) | 0.24 |
| Ejection fraction <30% | 1.39 (0.96 – 1.71) | 0.08 | --- | --- |
| ≥ Moderate AVV regurgitation | 0.96 (0.33 – 1.84) | 0.21 | --- | --- |
| SVRI, per dynes*s/cm5/m2 decrease | 1.49 (0.89 – 2.65) | 0.06 | ||
| Clinical variables | ||||
| Age at cath, per 5 y increment | 2.31 (1.44 – 3.28) | <0.001 | 1.51 (0.93 – 2.71) | 0.06 |
| Age at Fontan op, per 2 y increment | 1.61 (0.97 – 1.94) | 0.07 | --- | --- |
| Male gender | 0.96 (0.53 – 1.42) | 0.49 | --- | --- |
| Peak VO2 <50% of predicted | 1.94 (0.86–3.11) | 0.12 | --- | --- |
| Left ventricle morphology | 1.11 (0.61–2.43) | 0.28 | --- | --- |
| Atriopulmonary Fontan | 2.14 (1.53–2.59) | < 0.001 | 1.55 (1.11–2.02) | 0.04 |
| Heterotaxy | 1.14 (0.21 – 1.95) | 0.21 | --- | --- |
| Paced rhythm | 1.08 (0.31 – 2.37) | 0.41 | --- | --- |
| Warfarin | 1.42 (0.61 – 2.61) | 0.36 | --- | --- |
| Diuretics | 1.33 (0.87 – 2.88) | 0.18 | --- | --- |
HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; y: year; PVRI: pulmonary vascular resistance index; CI: cardiac index; PAWP: pulmonary artery wedge pressure; AVV: atrioventricular valve; cath: catheterization; op: Operation; SVRI: Systemic vascular resistance index, VO2 oxygen consumption