Table 2.
Comparisons between those with or without elevated ECV.
| Normal ECV (N=38) |
Elevated ECV (N=15) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33.2 ± 11.5 | 38.1 ± 5.4 | 0.13 |
| Female gender | 19 (50%) | 3 (20%) | 0.046 |
| Current smoker | 2 (5%) | 3 (20%) | 0.09 |
| Smoker ever | 11 (29%) | 4 (27%) | 0.94 |
| Prior atrial arrhythmia | 11 (29%) | 7 (47%) | 0.22 |
| Prior heart surgery | 31 (82%) | 15 (100%) | 0.074 |
| Beta blocker | 8 (21%) | 3 (20%) | 0.93 |
| ACE/ARB | 10 (26%) | 5 (33%) | 0.32 |
| Spironolactone | 1 (3%) | 1 (7%) | 0.13 |
| Diuretic | 10 (26%) | 3 (20%) | 0.98 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 103 ± 30 | 93 ± 48 | 0.73 |
| L-loop TGA | 9 (24%) | 1 (7%) | 0.15 |
| Height (in) | 67.4 ± 4.6 | 68.0 ± 2.2 | 0.49 |
| Weight (kg) | 85.8 ± 17.9 | 85.1 ± 18.0 | 0.99 |
| BSA (m2) | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 0.76 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 70.2 ± 14.3 | 73.9 ± 15.1 | 0.41 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123 ± 12 | 116.3 ± 7.9 | 0.022 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69 ± 10 | 66.5 ± 10.7 | 0.27 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 96.2 ± 2.3 | 96.6 ± 2.1 | 0.42 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.6 ± 1.1 | 14.2 ± 1.2 | 0.27 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 42.6 ± 3.2 | 40.9 ± 2.8 | 0.14 |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 139 ± 2.3 | 137 ± 1.8 | 0.026 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 13.8 ± 4.3 | 15.1 ± 3.0 | 0.29 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.77 |
| 6-minute walk distance (m) | 457 ± 117 | 546 ± 89 | 0.021 |
| NYHA class | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.93 |
| CMR Findings | |||
| RVEDVi (ml/m2) | 101 ± 27 | 106 ± 30 | 0.58 |
| RVESVi (ml/m2) | 51 ± 22 | 59 ± 90 | 0.34 |
| LVEDVi (ml/m2) | 78 ± 21 | 91 ± 26 | 0.12 |
| RV mass index (g/m2) | 89 ± 21 | 90 ± 14 | 0.69 |
| Mass/volume ratio | 0.91 ± 0.26 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | 0.95 |
| RVSV (ml/m2) | 49.2 ± 11.6 | 45.5 ± 9.8 | 0.29 |
| LVSV (ml/m2) | 47.9 ± 9.1 | 46.5 ± 11.6 | 0.64 |
| RV ejection fraction (%) | 52 ± 10 | 53 ± 15 | 0.38 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 62 ± 8 | 53 ± 9 | 0.006 |
| Tricuspid Regurg (mod-sev) | 7 (18%) | 7 (47%) | 0.036 |
| Pre contrast T1 (ms) | 949 ± 197 | 1001 ± 179 | 0.37 |
| 15 min post contrast T1 (ms) | 410 ± 112 | 365 ± 102 | 0.19 |
| lambda | 0.463 ± 0.045 | 0.575 ± 0.058 | <0.001 |
| ECV (%) | 26.6 ± 2.8 | 33.9 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
| Biomarker Analysis | |||
| b-type natriuretic peptide (pg/ml) | 151.3 [173.7] | 456.5 [650.4] | 0.0 09 |
| ln BNP | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 0.024 |
| Aldosterone (pg/ml) | 178 ± 94 | 181 ± 99 | 0.94 |
| PC1NP (pg/l) | 54.8 ± 21.6 | 50.9 ± 29.1 | 0.60 |
| PC3NP (pg/l) | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 3.3 | 0.59 |
| TIMP-1(ng/ml) | 143 ± 31 | 152 ± 30 | 0.38 |
| MMP-2 (ng/ml) | 238 ± 51 | 258 ± 59 | 0.24 |
| MMP2/TIMP1 ratio | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0.94 |
Values are given as N (%), mean±SD, or median [interquartile range]. SBP = systolic blood pressure. DBP= diastolic blood pressure. LV = left ventricular, RV = right ventricular, ECV = extracellular volume fraction. SV=stroke volume. Lambda is the partition coefficient of gadolinium. PC1NP = procollagen 1 N terminal peptide, PC3NP = procollagen 3 N terminal peptide, MMP-2 = matrix metalloproteinase 2, TIMP-1 = tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1.