Table 2:

Cross-sectional analysis of anthropometric outcomes between 5.5 year old offspring of mothers with and without diabetes of different types during pregnancy (reference: no diabetes; N: number of subjects). Significant associations (p<0.05) are shown in bold font.

Outcomes	Exposure (Maternal diabetes)	Model 1 (N=5277)		Model 2 (N=5232)		Model 3 (N=5119)		Model 4 (N=4994)
		Estimate (95% CI)	p	Estimate (95% CI)	p	Estimate (95% CI)	p	Estimate (95% CI)	p
Absolute change in SD scores
BMI SDS	O-GDM	0.19 (0.07; 0.29)	0.002	−0.02 (−0.13; 0.10)	0.78	0.03 (−0.08; 0.14)	0.61	0.001 (−0.11; 0.11)	0.99
	O-T1DM	0.22 (0.08; 0.35)	0.002	0.18 (0.04; 0.31)	0.009	0.17 (0.04; 0.30)	0.01	−0.007 (−0.14; 0.13)	0.91
	O-T2DM	0.75 (0.23; 1.27)	0.005	0.24 (−0.27; 0.74)	0.36	0.28 (−0.22; 0.78)	0.27	0.32 (−0.18; 0.83)	0.21
Height SDS	O-GDM	−0.02 (−0.13; 0.09)	0.67	−0.07 (−0.18; 0.04)	0.24	−0.04 (−0.16; 0.07)	0.44	−0.08 (−0.19; 0.04)	0.20
	O-T1DM	−0.07 (−0.20; 0.07)	0.34	−0.08 (−0.21; 0.06)	0.26	−0.08 (−0.22; 0.05)	0.24	−0.27 (−0.40; −0.13)	0.0001
	O-T2DM	−0.06 (−0.57; 0.45)	0.82	−0.20 (−0.71; 0.32)	0.45	−0.20 (−0.71; 0.31)	0.44	−0.21 (−0.73; 0.31)	0.44
Weight SDS	O-GDM	0.10 (−0.01; 0.21)	0.08	−0.06 (−0.17; 0.05)	0.32	−0.01 (−0.12; 0.10)	0.84	−0.05 (−0.16; 0.06)	0.36
	O-T1DM	0.12 (−0.02; 0.25)	0.08	0.08 (−0.05; 0.21)	0.23	0.07 (−0.06; 0.20)	0.27	−0.16 (−0.29; −0.03)	0.02
	O-T2DM	0.51 (−0.01; 1.02)	0.05	0.08 (−0.42; 0.58)	0.31	0.11 (−0.39; 0.61)	0.67	0.13 (−0.37; 0.63)	0.60
Odds ratios
Overweight	O-GDM	1.48 (1.14; 1.92)	0.003	1.05 (0.80; 1.38)	0.75	1.14 (0.86; 1.51)	0.38	1.10 (0.82; 1.46)	0.52
	O-T1DM	1.60 (1.16; 2.20)	0.004	1.52 (1.10; 2.11)	0.01	1.50 (1.08; 2.09)	0.02	1.15 (0.81; 1.62)	0.44
	O-T2DM	7.39 (2.46; 22.23)	0.0004	3.36 (1.06; 10.70)	0.04	3.68 (1.14; 11.81)	0.03	4.92 (1.40; 17.30)	0.01
Obesity	O-GDM	1.98 (1.34; 2.93)	0.0007	1.23 (0.81; 1.86)	0.34	1.33 (0.87; 2.04)	0.19	1.31 (0.85; 2.01)	0.23
	O-T1DM	1.84 (1.09; 3.10)	0.02	1.79 (1.05; 3.06)	0.03	1.75 (1.02; 3.00)	0.04	1.48 (0.85; 2.59)	0.17
	O-T2DM	2.93 (0.65; 13.22)	0.16	0.95 (0.20; 4.57)	0.95	0.94 (0.19; 4.60)	0.94	1.02 (0.20; 5.09)	0.98

O-GDM: Offspring of gestational diabetic mothers; O-T1DM: Offspring of type 1 diabetic mothers; O-T2DM: Offspring of type 2 diabetic mothers; BMI: Body mass index; SDS: Standard deviation scores.

Model 1: Adjusted for sex, country; Model 2: Model 1 + maternal pre-pregnancy BMI; Model 3: Model 2 + breastfeeding, maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy, gestational weight gain, maternal age and education ; Model 4: Model 3 + birth weight